15-16 - Motivation and Emotion PDF

Preview

Summary

tells me why i have no motivation and can't express emotion right...

Description

11 - Motivation and Emotion Lec 15 Mar 5, 2020

Motivation vs Emotion ● ● ● ●

Dopamine reward system → Motivation → determines stimuli that evoke → Emotions → increase salience, promote action → back to Motivation Motivation - psychological processes that are goal directed/oriented Emotions - physical sensations and (subjective) feelings ** don’t need to study sexual motivation for exam **

Motivation ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

Internal state that initiates, directs, and sustains behaviour Varies in strength and duration Motives are needs/desires ○ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ■ Prioritized needs have to be met before focusing on the next set of goals Goal directed/oriented “Why do people do this?” ← key question Internal motives push us to act = drives External motives pull us to act = incentives

Theories on Motivation ● ● ● ● ●

Instinct → inborn Drive reduction → biological needs Arousal Incentive → internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) Hierarchy of needs

Primary and Secondary Drives ●

●

Primary (Drive Reduction Theory, DRT) ○ Hunger ○ Thirst ○ Sleep ○ Unlearned motives to satisfy bio needs Secondary (incentive and hierarchy of needs theory) ○ Needs for achievement ○ Need for affiliation

○

Dev through learning and experience

DRT ●

Bio need occurs → need gives rise to drive → organism motivated to satisfy drive → drive reduced → balance restored

Homeostasis ●

How does it work? ○ Autonomic nervous system → gland system for organs, involuntary (eg. heart beat) ■ Sympathetic (flight/flight) ● Muscular activity inc body heat → heat stimulates hypothalamus → hypo stimulates sweat glands to secrete fluid → evaporation of fluid cools body ■ Parasympathetic (rest and digestive system) ○ Hypothalamus ■ Governs or ctrls nervous system ■ Regulates set point (eg. keep body temp at ~36.9)

Arousal Theory ● ●

People motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal Optimal lvl s diff for everyone

Yerkes-Dodson Law ● ●

Performance on task is best when the arousal lvl is optimal for that specific task Fig 11.2

Incentive Theory ● ●

Intrinsic motivation ○ Motivated by internal factors (eg. satisfaction) Extrinsic motivation ○ Motivated by external factors that are not related to the task (incentives such as money, grades) ○ Incentives can be primary/secondary

What Happens in the Brain ● ●

Dopamine release Dopamine pathway: midbrain (takes 2 pathways) ○ 1. Nucleus accumbens (reward system) → Prefrontal + frontal cortex

○ 2. Cingulate cortex ● Fig 11.3 _______________ Lec 16 Mar 10, 2020

Biological Motivations: Hunger and Eating ●

Bottom lvl on hierarchy of needs → most basic

Hunger Drives ●

●

Internal cues motivate hunger by stimulating the hypothalamus in the brain, receptors fm stomach and intestines and liver ○ Liver → monitors glucose lvl → less sugar = dizzy = eat to resolve External cues motivate hunger when we see, smell, or taste foods that we like. Also, learning

Internal Cues ●

Receptors in the brian ○ Hypothalamus ■ Lateral (on) and ventromedial (off) areas = brain’s on-off centres for eating ■ ***know the two areas for exam*** ○ Receptors for Glucose in liver and hypothalamus (aka glucostatic receptors)

Leptin ●

● ●

When fat stores are low, leptin lvls are low, and ghrelin and orexins are active: ○ Eating behaviour: initiated ○ Autonomic nervous system → PNS activated: body stores nutrients ○ Lower metabolic activity ○ Hypothalamus → lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating behaviour ○ Result: stored fat levels increase and feeding stops Leptin: hormone secreted by fat cells/tissues Leptin resistance → overweight inds

Satiety ●

Fat stores high, leptin high: ○ Eating stops ○ ANS → SNS activated: body expends nutrients ○ Higher metabolic activity ○ Hypothalamus → ventromedial hypothalamus activated, suppresses

○

eating behaviour Result: stored fat lvls decrease, feeding stops

External Signals ●

●

●

Palatability ○ Taste, smell, texture ○ Ind who live closer to fast food restaurants than to supermarkets are also more likely to be obese Learning ○ Schedules (Ex. dinner at 6 at home) ○ preferences Stress

Neuroscience and Technology in Action ● ●

Vestibular stimulation ○ Reduction of total body fat By activating the hypothalamus

Dysfunction of the Hypothalamus ● ●

Ventromedial hypothalamus destroyed Prader-Willi Syndrome causes unstoppable appetite

Eating Problems: Too Much/Little of a Good Thing Obesity and Being Overweight ●

●

BMI - ind’s weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared ○ > 30 = obese ○ 20.2% of Canadian adults over 18 yrs Circumference of waistline is now more accurate indication for obesity

Obesity Crisis ●

20% of calorie reduction on these foods by 2024 ○ Kids need to cut down ~20% of calorie intake

What “Causes” Obesity ●

Genetics ○ Genetic mutation in “Trim 28” protein

● ● ●

○ High number of fat cells ○ Abnormal leptin gene ○ Low metabolism Excessive eating/inadequate exercise Our natural preferences for sweet, fatty foods Set point theory

Genetic Predisposition ●

Genetic component - for metabolic rates

Consumption/Output Ratio ● ● ● ● ●

High “fuel” intake, low burn rate Lots of available energy, little used Generally, less activities today Human ancestors evolved a strong preference for rare, high-fat, high-sugar kinds of food Recommended calorie intake: 400-600-600/600-600-400/800-400-200

Set Point Theory ● ● ● ● ●

Proposed by Keesy Normal lvls of body fat are bt 22-26% Body weight set point - weight that inds typically return to even after dieting/overeating ○ Learning, taste preferences, and social factors can override set point controls After dieting, bounce back to set point → impossible to bring set point down After overeating → new set point established

Emotions ●

Intrapersonal state in response to an internal/external event

Biology of Emotion: Amygdala ● Conditioning and recognizing fear ___________________________ Lec 17 Mar 12, 2020

Biology of Emotion: Cerebral Cortex ● ● ●

Both +/- emotions Prefrontal cortex: involved in coordinating emotional responses Researchers have not yet found an “emotion” area of the brain

Components of Emotion ● ● ●

Physical: bodily arousal ○ Adrenaline rush, inc. heart rate/blood pressure Cognitive: way we perceive or interpret a stimulus or situation Behavioural: physical expression of our emotions ○ Facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice

How are Subjective Feelings and Physical Sensations Related? ●

Strong emotions involve both factors, but sometimes you can have one without the other

Theories of Emotions ●

●

●

●

Cognitive component in SS Two-Factor Theory → Label James-Lange Theory - physiological arousal appears before emotion in perceived ○ Feel afraid because pulse is racing ○ Perceived stimulus (bear) → specific physical arousal (heart races) → FEAR Cannon-Bard Theory - Emotional arousal (fear) and physiological arousal occur simultaneously ○ Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and ANS ○ Stimulus → physical responses and fear Schachter-Singer’s Two-Factor Theory - interpretation (ie. cognitive eval) of physiological reaction that determines emotion (fear) ○ Look to external cues to decide what to feel ○ Stimulus → general arousal (physiological component) → assessment of surroundings (cognitive comp) → fear

Expressing Emotions ●

Are some expressions universally understood?

●

6 universal emotions (across cultures) ○ Happiness ○ Surprise ○ Sadness ○ Fear ○ Disgust ○ Anger

Range of Emotions ●

Basic emotions: unlearned (innate) and universal emotions that are found in all cultures ○ Fear, anger disgust, surprise, joy/happiness, sadness/distress

Complex Emotions ● ● ● ●

Guilt Shame Pity Anger ○ Requires evaluative/cognitive component ○ Not instantaneous anger ■ Ticks you off → think about it → aNgRY

Display Rules ●

Cultural rules dictate how emotions should be expressed and where and when it is appropriate to do so

Micro Expressions ● ●

Tiny involuntary subtle facial changes that can give away a person’s true emotions ○ Involuntary emotional leakage (Ekman and Friesen, 1975) KY - pejorative Japanese slang term (kuuki ga yomenai) → “unable to read the room”

Functions of Emotions ●

●

Cognitive ○ Help organize and retrieve memories ○ Guide decision making Behavioural ○ Alters behaviour ○ Action tendencies - emotions are associated with predictable patterns of

●

behaviour Social ○ Helps and inhibits relationships...