AP Psychology - Unit 2 Study Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

AP Psychology - Unit 2 Study Guide...

Description

1

Unit 2 Study Guide ❉❉❉ NEURON STRUCTURE (DIAGRAM)

GLIAL CELLS & NEURONS ○ Neurons have TWO "processes" called axons and dendrites....glial cells have only ONE. ○ Neurons CAN generate action potentials...glial cells CANNOT. ■

Glial cells do have a resting potential.

○ Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters...glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses.

2

GLIAL CELLS ○ Provide nutrients, insulate myelin, guide neural connections, mop up ions/ neurotransmitters ■

Without glia, the neurons would not work properly!

○ DO NOT carry nerve impulses (action potentials). ○ They support, nourish, and protect the neurons. ■

Glial cells are far more numerous than neurons and, unlike neurons, are capable of mitosis.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE NEURON ● Cell Body (Peachie-O) ○ The spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus; it connects to the dendrites, which bring information to the neuron, which then sends that information to the axon. ● Nucleus (M&M) ○ To contains the genetic material (in the form of chromosomes). ● Dendrites (Twizzlers & Toothpicks) ○ To receive electrical messages (excitatory and inhibitory) from other neural cells towards the cell body. ● Axon (Straw) ○ To inevitably transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands. ● Myelin Sheath (Marshmallows) ○ To insulate the axon and assist in the process of sending the information. ● Terminal Branches (Good & Plenty)

3

○ Conducts electrical impulses (action potentials) away from the neuron's cell body, in order to transmit those impulses to other neurons. ● Terminal Buttons (SweeTarts) ○ To release chemicals called neurotransmitters to then carry a signal across the synapse to other neurons.

TYPES OF NEURONS ● MOTOR ○ A neuron whose cell body is located in the spinal cord and whose axon projects outside the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control organs, mainly muscles and glands. ● SENSORY ○ Nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses. ● INTER ○ A neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc. ■ Create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system.

REFLEX ARC ● A neural pathway that controls a reflex. ○ A neural pathway that controls an action reflex. In higher animals, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons.

4

REUPTAKE ● Neurons reabsorb extra neurotransmitters. ○ Refers to the process in the brain of neurons to retrieve chemicals that were not received by the next neuron.

RESTING POTENTIAL ● -70 mV ○ The electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated.

ACTION POTENTIAL ● -55 mV ○ Must hit this energy rating in order for neuron to fire (minimum). ○ Increases as positive Na+ ions are launched into the axon.

AGONISTS VERSUS ANTAGONISTS ● AGONISTS ○ Make neuron fire ● ANTAGONISTS ○ Stop neuron from firing

DRUGS

5

● Can be agonists and antagonists, and also can block the process of reuptake.

ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE ● Once a neuron starts to fire, it can’t stop! ○ No return!

DEPOLARIZATION ● Loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior ○ The inward flow of sodium ions increases the concentration of positively charged cations in the cell and causes depolarization, where the potential of the cell is higher than the cell's resting potential.

REFRACTORY PERIOD ● A time of rest in order to continue on. ○ Like a toilet before flushing again Neurotransmitter

Function

Examples of Malfunctions

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory.

With Alzheimer’s, AChproducing neurons deteriorate.

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

Excess dopamine = schizophrenia. Lack of dopamine = tremors/decreased mobility of Parkinson’s.

6

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Undersupply linked to depression. Some antidepressants raise these levels.

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness and arousal.

Undersupply can depress mood.

GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory.

Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures,

THE BRAIN CORPUS CALLOSUM AND THE DIVIDED BRAIN ● Separated hemispheres (two brains almost) -- corpus callosum cut/destroyed.

CORPUS CALLOSUM ○ MEANING

NEUROPLASTICITY ● MEANING

BROCA'S AREA ● MEANING

WERNICKE'S AREA

7

● MEANING

STRUCTURE OF THE LOBES OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ● Parietal Lobe ○ Deals with sense of touch ● Occipital Lobe ○ Deals with vision ● Frontal Lobe ○ Deals with motor functions ● Temporal Lobe ○ Deals with hearing

MOTOR CORTEX ● The region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements. Classically the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe.

SENSORY CORTEX ● Can refer informally to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as a term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses (two cortices each, on left and right hemisphere): the visual cortex on the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex on the temporal lobes.

LATERALIZATION OF THE HEMISPHERES

8

● Defined as the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other. ○ Left side = more language oriented ○ Right side = more art/physical oriented

CORE OF THE BRAIN AND THE LIMBIC SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS HIPPOCAMPUS AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM LIMBIC SYSTEM (IN GENERAL) THALAMUS RETICULAR FORMATION MEDULLA NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS SOMATIC BRANCHES AUTONOMIC BRANCHES COMPONENTS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

9

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PINEAL GLAND PITUITARY GLAND THYROID GLAND ADRENAL GLANDS PANCREAS AND HORMONES CONTROLLED BY EACH

TOOLS OF DISCOVERING THE BRAIN Method Name EEG CT Scan PET Scan fMRI MRI

Procedure

What It Measures...