AP Euro Unit 1 Study Guide PDF

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unit 1 summary...

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Unit%I:%The%Renaissance% !

I. Overview%of%the%Middle%Ages%

II.

III.

C O P!

a. Dominance!of!the!Church!! i. Collapse!of!Rome!à!no!central!powerà!papacy!gained!power! ii. Church!defined!aspects!of!life!! b. Predominance!of!Warfare!! i. Weak!govà!war!lords!take!over!! ii. Internal!wars!among!nobles!! iii. Chivalryà!certain!rules:!keep!civilians!out!of!it,!but!this!rule!was!not!always!followed!! Feudalism%! a. Control!of!social,!political,!and!economic!system! b. King!à!Lord!à!Vassal!! c. Lords!de-centralized!power!bc!feudalism!was!based!on!personal!relationships;!the!people!were! more!loyal!to!the!lord!than!the!monarch!à!no!national!identity!! d. Barter!system,!exchanges:!land,!money,!promises,%military(service((nobles!didn’t!have!to!pay! taxes!bc!they!provided!military!services!to!the!king!in!exchange!for!land)!! Christendom%! a. 3!Divisions!of!Christianity!(from!order!of!influence)!! i. Catholicism!(mostly!western),!Protestant,!Orthodox!(most!eastern)! ii. 1054:!deep!division!btw!Catholics!and!Orthodox!à!GREAT(SCHISM(! b. !The!Church’s!Role!in!Education!! i. founded!university;!primarily!developed!to!teach!theology! c. Scholasticism!(reason!and!logic)!! i. Intensive!philosophical!studies!! ii. **ST.%THOMAS%AQUINAS**! 1. Dominican!friar! 2. Mentor:!Albertus!Magnus! 3. “Summary!of!Theology”!! iii. Brought!Aristotle!philosophy!into!theology! Plato%% -philosopher!of!the!Church! -more!spiritual!! -St.!Augustine’s!philosophy! “knowledge!is!in!the!heavens”!

VS

Aristotle% -more!earthly!! -“knowledge!is!on!Earth”!! -preserved!by!the!Muslims!! -1000AD:!re -entered!the!Church!

d. Trivium!% i. Grammar,!rhetoric,!logic;!taught!alongside!scholasticism!% e. Quadrivium!% i. Arthimetic,!astronomy,!music,!geometry!% f. Latin!% i. Mechanic!during!this!time;!not!poetic,!it’s!very!precise!and!ineloquent!%

g. Humanists0rejected0scholasticism,0they0believed0there0are0more0 things0we0should0know;0more0science.0( % %

%

IV. The%Crisis%of%the%Late%Middle%Ages%(1300-1450)% a. Great%Schism!(Western!Schism)% i. rupture!within!the!Church;!slight!fracture!% ii. King!of!France!wanted!to!dominate!papacy,!so!he!nominated!a!French!pope!and!moved!him! to!Avignon!instead!of!Rome.!St.%Catherine%of%Siena!called!the!pope!back!to!Rome,!but!on!his! way,!he!dies!à!2!different!conclaves!were!held!because!the!cardinals!were!in!Italy%and! France!à!2!popes:!1!Italian!and!1!French% 1. Council!of!Pisa!tried!to!fix!this,!but!they!generated!a!third!pope!% Conciliarism:!the! 2. Council!of!Constons:!resulted!in!the!resignation!of!all!3!popes!and!a!new!pope!was! council!holds!more! elected!% power!than!the!pope!! 3. conciliarism!shapes!the!framework!for!the!REFORMATION% b. The%Hundred%Years%War%% i. Disputed!succession;!England!tried!to!claim!the!throne!of!France!% ii. **Joan!of!Arc!à!turning!point!of!the!war;!helped!the!French!win!the!war% iii. beginning!of!NATIONALISM% c. The%Black%Death%(1349)% i. Carried!by!fleas!and!airborne% ii. Started!in!Italy!and!spread!thru!Europe!(killed!2/3!of!population)% iii. Peak!of!Black!Death:!1350!% iv. Lack!of!religious!guidance;!flagellantsà!blamed!themselves!for!the!plague,!whipped! themselves!as!repentance!% EFFECTS% Economic%% -major!inflation!! -affected!feudalism;!labor! shortages!à!nobles!started! competing!for!serfs!à!serfs! moved!up! -!the!social!ladder!(social! mobility)! -MONEY%ECONOMY!(no!more! barters;!money!exchange)! % % % % % % % % % % % % %

Politics% -breakdown!of! political!bonds!! -feudalism:!people! started!to!use!fees! instead!of!military! service!! % %

Religion%% -people!started! questioning!the!Church! -doctors!started!going!to! Church!again!! -some!people!lost!faith,! some!became!stronger! believers!!

Social%% -social!collapse!! -people!abandoned! their!routine!! -more!social!mobility! for!the!serfs!! -disruption!to! traditional!feudalism!! !

V. The%Renaissance%% a. Roots!of!the!Renaissance!à!Duccio:!believed!to!paint!the!first!painting!of!the!Renaissance! (hard!to!pinpoint!the!exact!date!or!year)!%

Madonna(and(Child((1300)! -realism,!details,!shading,!natural!! -!a!common!motif!for!Renaissance! paintings!à!paint!in!a!specific!setting! (in!this!case,!it’s!on!a!balcony)!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

VI.

% b. Transitional%figures%(GDB)% i. Giotto!(1268-1337)% 1. Cathedral!walls!% 2. Aiming!at!perspective!% ii. Dante!(1265-1321)% 1. Divine0Comedy!à!early!example!of!VERNACULAR!(everyday!language)!% iii. Boccaccio!% 1. The0Decameron!(1356)% a. About!the!Black!Plague!! % b. **nonreligious**!à!SECULARISM% c. not!about!the!afterlife!%

Humanism%% a. Liberal!arts!% b. Secularism!à!slight!de-emphasis!of!religion,!not!complete!abandonment!%

c. Petrarch% d.

e.

f. g.

% % %

i. ***FATHER%OF%THE%RENAISSANCE***% ii. very!interested!in!the!classical!world!à!goal:!revival!of!classics,!mainly!Latin!% Classical!Rebirth!% i. Rejection!of!the!“Dark!Ages”!aka!the!Middle!Ages;!rejected!modernism,!wanted!to! regenerate!the!ancient!world!% ii. Rejection!of!scholasticism!(importance!of!history!and!literature)!à!Studias!Humanitas!% Studias!Humanitas!% Makes!an!individual!more!free!and! i. Humanities!and!liberal!arts!% capable!of!living!a!fuller!life!! ii. Philosophy,!poetry,!art!% -history!and!literature!help!people! iii. Virtú!à!to!be!good!in!a!multitude!of!subjects;!wellmake!educated!decisions!and!become! rounded% better!people ! Civic!Humanism!% i. Moral,!social,!political!philosophy!% Universal!Man!(Uomo!Universale)% i. “Renaissance(Man”!à!someone!who!is!good!at!everything;!able!to!hold!a!conversation! about!anything!!%

h. Prominent%Humanists%% i. Petrarch!! 1. Father!of!the!Renaissance! 2. Loved!classical!literature,!especially!Cicero!! ii. Pico!Della!Mirandola!(1463-1494)% 1. An0Oration0on0the0Dignity0of0Man!(1486)!% a. men!are!superior!to!everything!à!rise!of!individualism!% iii. Castiglione!% 1. Book0of0the0Courtier% a. How!to!become!a!Renaissance!man!% b. Make!yourself!look!smart!even!if!you!don’t!know!what!you’re!talking! about% c. SPREZZATURA:!“be!humble!and!cool,!don’t!be!a!show-off”% iv. Lorenzo!Valla!(1406-1457)% 1. Started!the!study!of!modern!history!% 2. Proved!the!Donation0of0Constantine!(1440)!to!be!a!forgery!% 3. started!critical!textual!studies!à!authentication!of!historical!texts!% % Humanists! v. Ficino!% LOVE!Plato! 1. Started!school!to!study!Platonism!(sponsored!by!Medici!family)!à!Resurgence!of! Platonism!à!shift!in!philosophy!% vi. Bruni!% 1. Coined!things!as!“ancient,!medieval,!modern”!% 2. The!“Brunist”!version!of!history!% vii. Christine!de!Pizan!% 1. The0City0of0Ladies:!argues!that!women!have!the!right!to!partake!in!politics!% Secondary! viii. Jacob!Burckhardt!% Sources! 1. Coined!the!term!“Renaissance”% ix. Peter!Burke!% 1. The0Myth0of0the0Renaissance!(critique!of!Burckhardt)% x. Charles!G.!Nauert!% 1. Northern0Resources0of0the0Renaissance0à!differences!btw!the!Italian!Renaissance! and!the!Northern!Renaissance% i.

Printing%Press!(1440)!% i. Johann!Gutenburg!% 1. Movable0type!à!most!important!part!of!the!printing!press%

VII. Italy%and%the%Renaissance%% a. City-states!(5!major!city-states)!%

i. Republic%of%Florence%% Not!very! feudalistic!!

1. CAPITAL!of!the!Renaissance;!location!of!the!first(phase(of!the!Renaissance% 2. Signora:!governing!authority!in!many!city-states!% 3. Medici!Family!(patronage)% a. Founder:!Giovanni!Medici!à!son:!Cosimo!(Father!of!Florence)!à!Lorenzo! il!Magnifico!(1469-1492):!patron!of!many!artists,!cultivated!artistic! movements!of!the!Renaissance!% ii.

Duchy%of%Milan!(ruled!by!Duke)%

iii. Papal%States%% 1. Ruled!by!pope;!Renaissance!papacy!% 2. More!concerned!with!politics!than!religion!%

iv. Republic%of%Venice%%%

VIII. B! B! D! F!

%

IX.

%

1. Influenced!by!the!Greeks!in!their!architecture!% 2. The!economic!power!of!Italy!$$$$% 3. DOGE!à!“leader!again”;!elected!lord!and!chief!of!state!in!the!city-states!% v. Kingdom%of%Naples!(south)!% 1. More!feudalistic!% 2. Less!developedà!agricultural,!farmland;!not!as!urbanized!% 3. King!was!related!to!King!Aragon!of!Spainà!Spanish!influence!% The%Quattrocento!(1st!stage!of!the!Renaissance!Art;!centered!in!Florence)% a. Brunelleschi!(1377-1446)!% i. The0Dome0( ii. II0Duomo!à!Dome!of!Florence!Cathedral!(Cattedrale!di!Santa!Maria!del!Fiore)!% iii. Father!of!Linear0Perspective!% b. Botticelli!(1440-1510)!% Pagan!themes;!sexual!! i. Birth0of0Venus0( Detailed!backgroundà!trend! ii. La0Primavera!% of!the!Renaissance! c. Donatello!(1386-1466)% i. Sculptor% ii. Created!David0% 1. Contrappostoà!a!type!of!stance;!one!foot!in!front!of!another!% 2. David!the!Goliath!% 3. Naked!to!depict!perfectionà!there’s!nothing!to!hide!% % d. Fra%Angelico!(1395-1445)% i. The0Annuciation0% Italian!Wars!are!going!on!at! ii. St.0Dominic0at0the0foot0of0the0Cross% the!same!time!as!the!

The%Italian%Wars%

Reformation,!which!is!part!of! the!reason!why!Martin!Luther! was!so!successful.!Gov!was! more!focused!on!war!than! religious!chaos!!

a. Balance!of!Power!% i. Northern!Italyà!Roman!empire!% Foreign!powers! ii. Naples!à!France!and!Spain!% coming!into!play! iii. Mainly!the!5!city-states!vs!everyone!else% b. France!claims!Naples!% i. France,!concerned!about!their!power,!invades!Italy!à!beginning!of!war% ii. France!vs!Hapsburg!Empire!(Rome!and!Spain)!% iii. Italian!Wars!à!Hapsburg-Valosis!War!(1494-1559)!% c. Florence!% i. Piedro!Medici!(the!Unfortunate)!(1492-1494)% 1. Kicked!out!of!Florence;!he!was!negotiating!with!France,!but!Savonarola!spread!the! rumor!that!Piedro!was!betraying!the!people.!The!people!believed!and!he!was! removed!from!rule!% ii. Giralomo!Savonarola!(1494-1498)!% 1. Became!the!ruler!of!Florence!after!Piedro!was!kicked!out!%

2. Anti-Renaissance% iii. Bonfire!of!the!Vanities!% 1. Savonarola!burned!many!Renaissance!artworks!(asshat)!% d. Pope!Alexander!VI!and!the!Borgias!% i. Aka!Rodrigo!Borgia!% Popes!during!this! 1. Was!appointed!as!a!cardinal!by!the!Pope!at!that!time,!who!was!his!uncle!à! time!were!secular! nepotism%% and!did!not!have! 2. 1492:!the!pope!dies!and!Rodrigo!buys!the!papacy!à!VERY%CORRUPT% good!leadership! ADMINISTRATION% skills.!They!were! ii. Cesare!Borgia!(Rodrigo’s!son)!(1/4!children)% nterested!in!art.! 1. Made!cardinal!by!his!father,!the!pope!% The!chaos! 2. Becomes!the!commander!of!papal!armies!% nfluenced!their! 3. Tries!to!expand!papal!states!(Romania)!% 1st!marriage:!annulled!! eadership! iii. Lucrezia!Borgia!(2/4!children)% 2nd!marriage:!brother!Cesare! 1. Married!off!3!times!by!her!father!% kills!husband!! iv. Pope!Julius!II!% 3rd!marriage:!successful,!her! 1. The!Warrior!Pope!% reputation!becomes!better!! 2. **SISTINE%CHAPEL**!(Michelangelo)!% v. Sack!of!Rome!(1527)!% 1. END%OF%THE%HIGH%RENAISSANCE!(High!Renaissance!lasted!thru!the!Italian!Wars)!% 2. Dispute!btw!the!Holy!Roman!Emperor!and!the!pope;!the!pope!sent!troops!and! attacked!Rome!% vi. Niccolo!Machiavelli!(1469-1527)!(Republican!at!heart)!% 1. The(Prince:!the!Handbook!for!rulers;!dedicated!to!Lorenzo!Medici!% a. “the!ends!justifies!the!means”!% 2. “Founder!of!Political!Science”!% % % X.

The%High%Renaissance!(1492-1527;!ends!w!the!sack!of!Rome)!% a. Centered!in!Rome!% b. Leonardo!da!Vinci!(1452-1519)!!% i. Mona0Lisa!à!sfumato:!blending!the!centerpiece!into!the!background!% ii. The0Last0Supper!à!painted!for!the!monks,!decayed!quickly!bc!of!the!material!he!used;!each! of!the!apostles!had!a!distinct!emotion/face!% iii. Renaissance%Manà!he!was!both!a!painter!and!an!engineer!% iv. Strove!for!the!“Vitruvian0man”:!perfection!of!human!anatomy,!symmetry! c. Raphael%Santi!(1483-1520)!% i. Madonna0% ii. Transfiguration0% iii. School0of0Athensà!Plato!and!Aristotle!(one!pointing!up!and!one!down;!reflected!admiration! of!Greek)% iv. Disputation0of0the0Holy0Sacrament0(religion!in!the!Renaissance)!% d. Michelangelo!Buonarroti!(1475-1564)!% i. David0! 1. looked!manlier!than!Donatello’s!David!% 2. made!of!white!marble,!contrapposto% 3. unlike!Donatello’s,!this!one!was!of!David!BEFORE!he!squared!up!with!Goliath;! fearless,!reps!Florence’s!power!à!they!are!not!scared!of!anything!%

ii. Pieta% 1. Out!of!proportion;!the!only!piece!he!signed% iii. Sistine0Chapel% 1. Creation!of!Adam!à!depicts!that!God!is!all-knowing.!He!knows!what!we!want!even! if!we!don’t!ask!for!it.!% iv. Last0Judgment% 1. Christ!is!in!the!center!% 2. All!his!friends!were!in!heaven,!all!his!enemies!were!in!hell!% e. St.%Peter’s%Basilica!(the!most!Renaissance!architecture)!% i. Bramante!(1444-1514)!% 1. Tempietto!(tomb)!% a. Located!at!San!Pietro!in!Motorio!% b. Perfect!symmetrical;!cruciform!à!“shape!of!a!cross”!% ii. Leonardo!% 1. “domes!on!top!of!domes”!% iii. Raphael!% 1. Design!of!interior!à!not!perfectly!symmetrical;!out!of!proportion!à!characteristic! of!the!Renaissance!% iv. Michelangelo% 1. Created!the!FINAL%DESIGN%OF%THE%DOME;!symmetry!% f. Titian!aka!Tiziano!Vecelli!(1485-1576)!% i. The0Venetian0School% g. Tintoretto% i. Aka!iI!Furioso!% ii. Captured!moments!in!mid-motion!à!The0Last0Supper:!more!movement!and!a!different!view! than!Leonardo’s% iii. Paradisio0à!largest!painting!ever% % XI.

Mannerism!(the!end!of!the!Italian!Renaissance)%

Rubber!band!effect:!artists!are! stretching!and!distorting!reality,!but!it eventually!snaps!back.!

a. Moving!away!from!realism!(for!symbolism,!originality,!and! style)!% b. **PARMIGIANINO**!!% i. Madonna0with0the0Long0Neck0% ii. One!of!the!first!artists!to!develop!the!Mannerist!style% c. El!Greco!(1514-1615)!% i. Trinity!à!stylized,!can!see!the!brush!strokes;!the!little!people!in!the!paintings!symbolize! divinity!% ii. The0Disrobing0of0Christ0%

XII. The%Northern%Renaissance%% a. Christian(Humanism% i. Finding!original!source!of!Christianity!% b. Erasmus!(1466-1536)!% i. PRINCE%OF%THE%HUMANISTS%% ii. Pope0Julius0at0the0Gatesà!criticized!papacy!% iii. Focused!a!lot!on!Church!reformation,!but!he!remains!within!the!Church!as!a!loyal!Catholic% iv. The0Praise0of0the0Folly0(1513)!! 1. Written!in!both!Greek!and!Latin!!

2. Critique!of!Church;!tried!to!call!the!Church!back!to!its!mission!! c. Saint!Thomas!More!(1478-1536)! i. Lawyer,!great!public!figure!! ii. Known!for!his!public!attack!on!King!Henry!! iii. ***Utopia0(1516)!! 1. “perfect!place”;!portrayal!of!a!perfect!society! 2. unsure!if!he!was!serious!or!making!fun!of!social!norms!! d. Other!Writers!! i. William!Shakespeare!(1464-1516)! ii. Michael!de!Montaigne!(1533-1592)!! 1. Essay!! 2. On0Cannibals0(an!essay;!suggest!cannibals!of!the!New!World)!! a. Cultural%relativism%! b. Noble%savage%! He!wanted!to!be!a! 3. Skepticism!(about!the!origin!of!ideas)!! knight;!people!thought! iii. Cervantes!(1547-1616)! he!was!little!nuts! 1. Don0Quixote!(1605-1615)!à!satire!of!social!transition!! 2. Exemplifies!lost!virtues!of!the!medieval!world;!chivalry!!

e. Art%of%the%Northern%Renaissance%% i. Flemish!School!(Flanders;!in!Belgium)! 1. Jan!Van!Eyck!! a. Annunciation0! i. Vibrant!colors,!dimensional,!linear!perspective,!more!realistic!! b. Arnolfini0Portrait0! 2. Hieronymus!Bosch!(1450-1516)!! a. Jesus0Before0Pilate0! b. Garden0of0Earthly0Delights0! c. Last0Judgment0! ! ! ! % % %...