Apush Period 3 Part 1 +2 Test 2-2 PDF

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APUSH Period 3 Test Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest 4 Empires at War: Context: 17th century → war btwn GB, France, and Spain (1st series of wars that were worldwide) + stakes= high bc winner gets supremacy in West Indies and Canada + dominate colonial trade 1st 3 Wars (battles in Europe) - King William’s War (late 1600s) + Queen Anne’s War (early 1700s): British launched expeditions 2 capture Quebec, but failed bc Native frontiers supported by french burned settlements → eventually gained Nova Scotia from France + trading rights in Spanish America - King George’s War (mid 1700s): British colonies attacked by French + Spain → ended by peace treaty where Britain gives back Louisburgh to French for political + economic gains in India - British saw little value in committing troops to America until 7 years war + north american phase of the war = french + indian war The Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) (1756-1763) Beginning of War: - British POV= French provoked war by setting forts in Ohio River valley which the French did to halt westward British growth - Gov of Virginia sends small militia under George Washington to stop French in Fort Duquesne + control Ohio river valley → but washington’s troops surrendered to superior force of Frenchmen + Native alliws (1754) - Bad for Britain: lost under General Edward Braddock near Fort Duquesne + Algonquin allies ravage frontier from western Pennsylvania to North Carolina → French prevented British from invading French Canada (1756) The Albany Plan of Union: - Why: British gov’t sees need for coordinating colonial defense - How: Called reps from several colonies to meet in a congress at Albany (1754) - Developed by Ben Franklin + 7 colonies = plan of union = intercolonial gov’t + sys for recruiting troops + taxing some colonies for their common defense - Why didn’t it work: Each colony = too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept plan - Significance: Congress = precedent for more revolutionary congresses in1770s British Victory - William Pitt, British prime minister, concentrated on gov’t military strategy on conquering Canada → taking Louis borg + Quebec + Montreal - After British victory= European powers form Peace of Paris treaty (1763) = GB acquire French Canada + Spanish Florida/ French gane Spain its western territories, Louisiana, + claims of Mississippi river in compensation for Spain’s loss of Florida Immediate Effects of the war: - British= unchallenged supremacy in NA + dominant naval power + no threat 2 colonies from French, Spanish, Indians + change in British + Colonial relationship views - British View: Colonists unable + unwilling to defend new frontiers of expanded British empire bc poorly trained + no money to war effort was given

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Colonial View: Proud of contribution in all four wars + disappointed by British leadership + bad warfare in wood terrains in America + resentful Reorganization of the British Empire - Prior: British control colonies w/ salutary neglect= little direct control over colonies + allowed its navigation laws regulating colonial trade + provide protection as long as they’re profitable + colonies popl grew + slavery - Under mercantilism colonies were supposed to do the following: - Furnish products needed in mother country - Not export certain products that would compete with British industry - Buy imported manufactured goods exclusively from Britain - Not work towards self-sufficiency or self-government - After: More direct + forceful control… why: four wars led British to debt + wanted to maintain large British military force to guard American frontiers - Pontiac’s Rebellion: 1763: Chief Pontiac led major attacks against colonial settlements(NY to VA) on western frontier bc the British expanding too much + didn’t offer gifts like French → British sent their own troops - Proclamation of 1763: Prohibited colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict → colonists = anger and mad bc wanted benefits after 7 years war victory British Actions and Colonial Reactions Context: British though each act was justified bc it needs to protect colonial empire + make colonies pay their tribute, but 4 colonists = threat to liberties + rep gov’t New Revenues + Regulations Pushed by King George III: 1. Sugar Act of 1764 (revenue act): Tax passed by Parliament to raise $ from colonies + Increased duty on imported sugar (molasses) from West Indies + Duties lowered after bitter colonial protests 2. Quartering Act 1765: Required some colonies 2 provide food +living quarters for British troops 3. Stamp Act 1765: Required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, advertisements, etc. Why: Wanted to raise funds to support British military forces in colonies - 1st direct tax (collected from those who used the goods) paid by colonists rather than merchants who paid 4 imported goods - Reaction: colonists didn’t like = Patrick Henry + James Otis → taxation w/o representation - Stamp Act Congress: resolved that only their elected reps should have authority 2 approve taxes - Sons and Daughters of Liberty: secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents - Boycotts against British imports = most effective protest - 1766: Parliament repealed stamp act - Declaratory Act: Parliament had right to tax + make laws for colonies in all cases whatsoever → leads to renewed conflict

Second Phase of the Crisis 1767-1773 Context: Charles Townshed proposed another tax measure bc GB still needs revenue Townshend Acts - Taxes collected on tea, glass, and paper (colonial imports) - Search homes for smuggled goods + official needs a writ of assistance (general license to search anywhere) rather than a judge’s warrant - Why: Pay crown officials in the colonies; thus, making them independent from colonial assemblies - Initial Reaction: Colonists accept taxes under Townshend Acts bc they were indirect taxes paid by merchants - Later Reaction: Leaders protest + John Dickinson wrote that Parliament could regulate commerce but argued that bc duties were a form of taxation, they couldn't be levied on the colonies w/o consent of their representative assemblies/ no tax w/o rep - Massachusetts Circular Letter: Urged colonies to petition parliament to repeal TWShed acts but British destroyed letter + increased troops Repeal of the Townshend Acts - Repealed bc damaged trade + generated small amount of revenue ( Lord Frederick North) - Repeal 1770 = ended colonial boycott + colonies recovering, soon will face economic prosperity + Parliament still have small tax on tea to signify power Boston Massacre (1770): - Why? Bostonians resented British troops quartered in their city to protect customs official from sons of liberty - How? Crowd of colonists attack guards + five ppl killed (Crispus Attucks) + soldiers defended by John Adams but Samuel Adams denounced it as a massacre Renewal of the Conflict Context: Samuel Adams grows suspicion (Committees of Correspondence initiated resistance to taxes + intercolonial committees bby House of Burgess → leads to 1st continental congress) - Gaspee: British custom ships that caught several smugglers = set fire by colonists ashore - Boston Tea Party: - 1773 – the British East India Company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea and was facing bankruptcy → If company failed, Britain would lose tax $ - Britain awarded company a monopoly to sell tea in America which meant cheaper tea for America (even with the tax) - Americans believed government was trying to tax them by trick, made them angrier - Because of protests, not a single chest of tea shipped ever reached buyers in America - New York and Philadelphia – mass demonstrations forced ships to return to England - Maryland – ship and cargo burned - Massachusetts Governor Hutchinson orders tea, which had already arrived in Boston Port, not to leave without it being unloaded. December 16, 1773 – Bostonians, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into river Reactions to the Boston Tea Party

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Radical colonists supported action Conservatives complained of the destruction of private property and anarchy Gov. Hutchinson returned to England Disgusted British chose to punish the colonists Intolerable Acts - Passed in response to tea party + punish Massachusetts, especially Boston - Known as coercive acts: Port act: Boston port act closed harbor until tea paid for + restored/ new expanded quartering act/ restrictions on town meetings/ royal officials who killed colonists in line of duty would be tried in britain. - Context for declaration of independence Quebec Act (1774); Established roman catholicism as official religion of Quebec, set up government, w/o representative assembly, + extended Quebec’s boundary to Ohio River → direct attack to colonists bc it took away lands the they claimed (ohio river) Philosophical Foundations of the American Rev: Enlightenment Ideas: - Enlightenment thinkers in Europe + America = Deist, who believed God had established natural laws in creating the universe but human intervention = minimal // rationalism - Locke + Jacques influenced Americans for American Rev OVERALL GOAL: win political representation 5 The American Revolution and Confederation 1774-1787 1st Continental Congress - 1774: delegates from each colony, except Georgia met to respond to Britain’s alarming threats to their liberties, but most colonists had no desire for independence; instead, they wanted to protest parliamentary infringements of their rights + restore relationship w/ crown - The Delegates: Views range from radical to conservative -- Radicals = Samuel Adams, John Adams, Patrick Henry -- Moderate= George Washington -- Conservative = John Jay - Loyalists= Not challenge king’s government Actions of the Congress 1. Suffolk Resolves: Immediate repeal of the intolerable acts + for colonies to resist them by making military prep + boycotting British goods 2. Declaration and Resolves (moderates) : Urged king to redress colonial grievances + restore colonial rights + recognized Parliament’s authority to regulate commerce 3. Continental Association = Committees to enforce economic sanctions of Suffolk Resolves 4. If colonial rights not recognized, delegates would meet again in 1775 Fighting Begins Context: King dismisses First Continental Congress + send troops to Massachusetts Lexington Concord - 1775: General Gage sent force to seize colonial military supplied in Concord → colonists warned of British arrival by Paul Revere + William Dawes → minutemen assemble to face British but

retreat under heavy british fire // continuing march: british destroy concord military supplies → then get attacked my militiamen = humiliation Bunker Hill: 1775 Boston: 1st important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces. Second Continental Congress - New England view: Colonies should declare their independence - Middle colony view: COnflict could be resolved by negotiating new relationship with GB Military Actions - Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms + colonies provide troops + Washington = commander chief leading Massachusetts + navy attack british shipping, Arnold raids Quebec to draw Canada away from GB Peace Efforts - Olive Branch Petition to King George III: Pledged loyalty + asked king to intercede w/ Parliament to secure colonial rights → King dismisses this and creates Parliaments Prohibitory Act 1775: declared colonies in rebellion + forbade all trade + shipping between NA + GB Thomas Paine’s Argument for Independence - Paine= Poor farmer apprentice, recent immigrant to colonies + wrote common sense → radical + argued that colonies becoming independent states + breaking all political ties w/ British + it was contrary to common sense for large continent to be controlled by small island Declaration of Independence - 1776: Richard henry Lee of Virginia → introduces resolution declaring colonies to be independent - Thomas Jefferson's father delegates to write the declaration of independence → Jefferson drafted + wrote about specific grievances against George III’s gov’t. + all men created equal + unalienable rights → July 4, 1776 Revolutionary War - New national identity forms as former colonies become United States of America → Patriots vs loyalists Patriots (40%) - Most patriots from New England + Virginia + served in local militia for short periods of time - Washington’s army always short of supplies, poorly equipped + rarely paid - African Americans: British offered African Americans freedom if they joined their side, so Washington did the same (Peter Salem = African American patriot) Loyalists (20-30%) - Tories (20-30%)(after majority party in Parliament): Those who maintained allegiance to the King + fought next to British soldiers + supplied them + pillaged patriot property (Ben Franklin= Patriot, son= tories) - Loyalists = more wealthy + conservatove - American Indians: Natives joined british against colonist to stop colonial spread to wets

Initial American Losses + Hardships 1. Washington’s troops suffered as they continuously lost to British + suffered severe winter/ camped at Valley Forge Pennsylvania 2. Economic troubles bc British occupation of American ports resulted in 95% decline in trade between 1775 to 1777/ goods = scarce + inflation (continentals = worthless money) Alliance w/ France - Turning point for American revolutionaries = victory at Saratoga in upstate NY 1777 with Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold - Surprising victory persuaded France to aid the Americans, not for ideological reasons but to weaken GB - France openly allied itself in 1778, giving money, troops, and leaders (Lafayette) - Impacts: Spain and Holland also joined in the European war; forced the British to divert military resources away from America. Victory - Britain decided to consolidate forced in America→ troops pulled out of Philadelphia + New York became base of British operations - 1778-1779: Patriots led by George Rogers Clark, captured a series of British forts in the Illinois country to gain control of parts of Ohio. - 1780: British army adapts southern strategy + keep military campaigns in south + middle colonies where loyalists are - Yorktown - 1781: Washington’s army + support from French navy + army → forced surrender of a large british army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis - Treaty of Paris: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the United States as an independent nation 2. Mississippi River would be western boundary of that nation 3. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war 4. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada

Part 2 3.7 Organization of New Governments Context: While revolutionary war was being fought, leaders of the 13 colonies worked to change them into independently governed states, each with its own constitution + revolutionary congress that met in Philadelphia tried to define the powers of a new central government for US Results of the Revolutionary War - A new independent nation + end of mercantilism - States adopt new constitutions which defined powers of the government and gave rights to people and annual election of legislators Problems - Difficulty setting a new type of government - Little unity between sections and colonies - Conflict w/ GB → American leaders suspicious of authority + desired a weak national gov’t States Governments 1. The Articles of Confederation- In 1776, as Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence, John Dickinson drafted the first constitution for the United States as a nation The Articles of Confederation, as the document was called, was adopted by Congress in 1777 and submitted to the states for ratification a. By 1777, ten of the former colonies had written new constitutions. Most of these documents were both written and adopted by states’ legislature 2. Ratification: When Virginia and New York finally agreed to give up their claims to western lands, the Articles were ratified in March 1781 3. Structure of Government In this unicameral (one-house) only legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 votes out of 13 required to pass important laws - Amending the Articles required a unanimous vote - A Committee of States, with one representative from each state, could make minor decisions when the full congress was not in session - Congress controlled coinage of money + postage system + Indian affairs + western territories - No legal or executive powers → can not raise armies + legislate tax → so hoped people would provide for national needs when they wanted to 4. Powers: Congress did not have the power to regulate commerce or to collect taxes - To finance any of its decisions, the congress had to rely upon taxes voted by each state 5. Accomplishments - Negotiated Treaty of Paris 1783: Winning the war. The U.S. government could claim some credit for the ultimate victory of Washington’s army + for negotiating favorable terms in the treaty of peace w/ Britain - Land Ordinance of 1785. Congress established a policy for surveying and selling the western lands to pay debt. Land divided into townships. today’s WI, MI, OH, IL, and IN. The policy provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public

education + orderly settlement of west + established procedure for territories to become states to other states - Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Created ⅚ new states (state when reach 60,000) For the large territory lying between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River, the congress passed an ordinance (law) that set the rules for creating new states. The Northwest Ordinance granted limited self-government to the developing territory + forbade slavery in northwest + religious toleration + equal states Problems w/ Articles 1. Financial. Most war debts were unpaid. Individual states as well as the congress issued worthless paper money. The underlying problem was that the congress had no taxing power and could only request that the states donate money for national needs. 2. Foreign. European nations had little respect for a new nation that could neither pay its debts nor take effective and united action in a crisis. Britain and Spain threatened to take advantage of U.S. weakness by expanding their interests in the western lands soon after the war ended. - GB= shut off West Indies trade - Trouble w/ spain= controlled mouth of mississippi river + closed river to American commerce - France= Demanded repayment of war loans + restricted trade w/ W Indies - North African Pirates= Interfere w/ American shipping + enslave American sailors / US too weak to fight or pay bribes 3. Domestic: Problem with states = some states refused to pay taxes →inability to pay debts = poor national credit 4. Shays Rebellion: In the summer of 1786, Captain Daniel Shays, a Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran, led other farmers in an uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. The rebel farmers stopped the collection of taxes and forced the closing of debtors' courts. In January 1787, when Shays and his followers attempted to seize weapons from the Springfield armory, the state militia of Massachusetts broke Shays rebellion → Showed weakness of AOC + demand 4 stronger national government - Convinced Hamilton + madison Washington that US must have strong national gov’t Social Changes Abolition of Aristocratic Titles - no more titles of nobility or recognition of primogeniture (first born son's right to inherit parents' property - Loyalist estates were confiscated, subdivided and sold to raise money for the war;many fled the country Religion - Statute of Religious Liberty promoted separation of church and state- refusal to give financial support to any religious group - Anglicans (Loyalists) and Quakers (pacifists) lost support, while Catholics (French troops) gained popularity Women

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worked as cooks and nurses in the armed camps,some actually fought, like Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) at the Battle of Monmouth or Deborah Sampson maintained the colonial economy by running the family farms and businesses despit...