ARCH 112.3 REVIEW NOTES PDF

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ARCH 112.3 REVIEW NOTES...

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Dmansi, Georgia

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- H. erectus - 1.77 mya

Lake Turkana, Kenya

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-Nariokotome boy -H. erectus -1.5 mya -11 years old at death

Java, Indonesia

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-Java man -H. erectus -1 mya -calcified growth on femur

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Zhoukoudian, China -Peking man -H. erectus -0.5 - 0.3 mya

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Atapuerca, Spain -first European? -H. erectus -skull (0.5 mya) -jaw bone (1.2 mya)

Wonderwerk cave, South Africa

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-best evidence of fire use -H. erectus -1 mya

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Boxgrove Quarry, England -H. erectus -stone tools, evidence of hunting

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Flores, Indonesia -H. floresiensis -"Hobbit" -Liang Bua cave -stone tools found -18,000 ya -small size possibly due to pathology or island dwarfing effect

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis -earliest homonid fossil -found in Chad, Africa - 7-6 mya -mix of primate and human traits

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Homo habilis - oldowan tools

- cranial capacity 730-830

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Homo erectus - oldest = 1.8 mya in Kenya - cranial capacity (850-1100) - prominent brow ridge, sagittal keel - first to migrate out of Africa

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Kabwe cranium -Zambia -pre-modern features, more modern cranial capacity - 200,000-400,000 ya

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Bodo cranium - Ethiopia - 500,000 ya - cutmarks on skeleton

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Homo naledi - Rising Star expedition in South Africa - cranial capacity similar to Australopithecines

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pre-modern homo sapiens - 500,000 ya - short forehead - large face

- no chin - large brow

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modern homo sapiens - 30,000 ya - high forehead - large face - small teeth - gracile brow

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Neandertals or Homo neandertalensis - 300,000-30,000 ya - occipital bun - large cranial capacity (1600) - robust joints, bones

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Kebara cave, Israel - neandertals - 50,000 ya - only post-cranial evidence - hioid bone (speech)

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Amud, Israel - neandertals - large cranial capacity (1700)

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Shanidar, Iraq

- neandertals - post-cranial pathology - amputated humerus - cranial fracture, possible blindness - pollen found, possible burial rites?

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La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France - neandertals - individual found on back, knees to chest - old at age of death - original depictions of neandertals based on this individual

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Saint-Cesaire, France - neandertals - 36,000 ya - evidence of secondary burial

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Gibraltar, Spain - neandertals - child found in Gorham's cave (24,000 ya) - cave etchings (40,000 ya)

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Moula-Guery, France - 100,000 ya - possible evidence of cannibalism (secondary burials, cut bones)

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Chauvet cave, France

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30,000 BP panel of the lions red bear panel red dots panel

Lascaux cave, France

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20,000 BP closed to public in 1963 red cow, great black bull Chinese horse panel of the dead man

Altamira, Spain

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first cave where paintings were discovered (1880) paintings on ceiling

El Castillo cave, Spain

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discovered in 1403 one image dated to 40,800 BP possibly associated with Neandertals

Maros-Pangkep caves, Indonesia

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40,000 BP similar images found in other caves

Blombos cave, South Africa

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77,000 BP engraved red ochre hatch marks present possible evidence of art

Aurignacian tradition

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Europe (34,000 - 27,000 BP)

long, narrow blades intermediate material used to flake blades off

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Gravettian tradition

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27,000 - 21,000 BP smaller blades venus figurines

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Solutrean tradition

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21,000 - 16,000 BP leaf-shaped projectile points

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Magdalenian tradition

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16,000 - 11,000 BP micro blades, not always made of stone (bone and antler)

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Magdalenian woman

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15,000 - 12,000 BP found in France most complete upper palaeolithic skeleton in Europe

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Sibudu cave, South Africa

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64,000 BP projectile points possible early bow and arrow

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atlatl spear with launcher, often intricately decorated

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Kostenki, Russia

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Sungir, Russia

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28,000 BP 9 burials (including children) mammoth ivory beads and bracelets

Xianren cave, China

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20,000 BP first evidence of pottery may have been used as cooking device

Lake Mungo, Southern Australia

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skeleton dated to 40,000 BP time needed to migrate so far south

Beringia

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land bridge between Siberia and Alaska present during last glacial period (35,000 - 11,000 BP)

Clovis, New Mexico

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13,200 - 12,900 BP large fluted spearpoints

Monte Verde, Chile

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early upper palaeolithic site non-local black flint, evidence of travel/trade

14,800 BP preservation was due to an anaerobic bog

Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA

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12,000+ BP preservation due to dry air

Debra L. Friedkin site, TX

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15,500 BP oldest accepted New World site buttermilk creek complex artifacts small lithologic flakes (debitage)

Paisely 5 Mile Point caves, OR

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14,300 BP coprolites braided sagebrush rope

Bluefish caves, Yukon

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12,000+ BP faunal remains

Folsom, New Mexico

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10,000 BP central flute points found with extinct bison

Olsen-Chubbuk site, Colorado

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8,500 BP bison kill site (200) stampeded into an arroyo

Kennewick Man

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9,000 BP fractured ribs, stone point in hip NAGPRA - repatriation of remains and artifacts to lineal descendants

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connection to Aboriginal North Americans

Solutrean hypothesis

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people travelled from Europe to North America across Atlantic point style was thought to prove connection no DNA evidence

Rapa Nui

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1,253 - 1,200 BP 900+ moai statues collapse due to environmental issues, population growth, European contact

Mesolithic

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10,000 BP pre-agricultural sites food storage

Palaeolithic

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defined by stone tool use 2.5 million - 12,000 BP

Neolithic

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transition from hunting/gathering to domesticated crops and animals

Natufian culture of the Near East

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14,000 - 9,800 BP sufficient resources to become sedentary

Maglemosian culture of Northern Europe

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11,000 - 7,000 BP

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evidence of harpoons, bone fish hooks

Oasis hypothesis

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change in climatic conditions resulted in drier regions with limited water resources used by humans/animals

Readiness hypothesis

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people lives near wild plants/animals that could be domesticated

The Dump Heap hypothesis

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plant material that was brought back, eaten and disposed later germinated around human dwellings

The Demographic hypothesis

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agriculture became necessary due to an increase in population

Domesticated plant recognition

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larger seed thinner seed coat seed dispersal mechanisms geographic distribution

horticulture

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growing crops with simple tools and methods evidence of shifting/alternating cultivation

Domesticated animal recognition

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geographic distribution different from wild

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Ali Kosh, Iran

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domesticated barley flotation method used to recover thousands of seeds

Nanzhuangtou, China

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10,500 BP domesticated millet

Ngalue, Mozambique

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evidence of sorghum difficult to preserve

Domestication in Europe

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c.a. 8,000 BP diffusion - domesticated animals may have been brought from their place of origin after they were domesticated

Tehuacan valley, Mexico

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maize found teosinte - wild ancestor of corn

Advantages of food production

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population characteristics osteological changes

support for more people creation of surplus long-term storage

Disadvantages of food production

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environmental demand disputes over land control health costs...