ARCH 214a Final PDF

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Fall 2018 lecture notes for final exam...

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2/8/19 Japan -

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Does not feel like an island Pacific Mountains down the middle A lot of farming Extreme seasons Izanagi and Izanami - Brother and sister/ husband and wife on a bridge spear down in the ocean and created japan Jomon 10,500 to 300 BC - Indigenous japanese - Shards pottery - Patterns of clay - Clay ropes Invaders from south: Yayoi 300-250 BC - Smooth, symmetrical Yamato (Kofun) - Came in on horses Part I Jomon to early Yamato - House dug into ground - Level up temperature - Rice straw method - High thermal capacity - Good environmentally - Installation - Fishing - Yamato slaved yayoi slaved jomon - Jomon escaped north to Hokkaido - Ainu - original jomon ppl - Ofune - Pits - Yakushima - Mythical forest - Yayoi focused on rice - Japan -> most rice best rice - Political weapon - Yayoi buried their dead in jars - Communication with mainland chinese - Himiko - Female coin - Queen

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- Kept same arch of the jomon - Column, ridgepoll, cover - Danced around the poll Hachimanyama - Houses in tombs - Nintoku Kofun - Similar tombs in china - 2-3 blocks Amaterasu - sun fertility goddess - Use rice as weapon - Striptease and jewels hung from tree to get her out of the cave - Rope across the cave entrance to prevent her from entering again Hang rice straw ropes to define sacred space Minka Farmhouse - Protect from cold and heat Same typology - Three levels: animal, young and old ppl Scale Collaboration and conformity is BIG, starts from birth to death Privacy is internal Izumo Shrine Susanno-o (Sasuke’s op move) - Near fukushima - Shinto - Expressionistic Ise shrine- dedicated to amaterasu - To protect from invasions during tang dynasty Flag of Japan - Sunrise

3/29/18 Japan cont. (ft. James Steele) Issei Shrine - Shinto - Animistic - Life force in nature - Goddess oasu: fertility - Introduced rice to Japan - Rice is kind of a big deal, used as currency

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Shrine rebuilt every 20 years Hinoki trees: Japanese Cypress used in the construction Shindosrus -heaven to earth River rocks placed as ritual Spirit House: Shrine to Protective spirit - When one site is demolished, they build a small spirit house for Amatarasu to occupy Wabi sabi - a world view centered on the acceptance of transience and imperfection (wiki) - Raku Bowl Ohbashiri suwa - Ride a hinoki tree down a hill located near the Issei shrine The goshintai - In Shinto, shintai (神体, "body of the kami"), or go-shintai (御神体, "sacred body of the kami") when the honorific prefix go- is used, are physical objects worshipped at or near Shinto shrines as repositories in which spirits or kami reside - Evening before sunset (wiki) - Carry over three treasures from the old shrine - Jewls - Sword - Hamateroski’s brother - Bronze mirror

Chigi: barrier against evil Constantly being rebuilt: Renewal allows for future generations retaining knowledge Peter ?? Suluwesi houses (Austronesian) Japanese shrines are similar to Austronesian houses: three parts, stand on pillars, square body, curved roof

Japan: Part II - Nara to Edo - Yamato came in - 538 - 794 CE - Asuka & Nara Period - Leadership of yamato was in korean fashion - Emperor temmu and empress jito - Followed chinese model of city ie. Chang’an, tang dynasty

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(Chang’an plan)

Buddhism from India to China then disperse out - The soga (korean clan) used buddhism to gain power in japan - They were first to introduce buddhism to japan Shotoku - Son of emperor yomei - First to become buddhist monk in japan - Was executed - Wrote first constitution in japan - Introduced new style of architecture for temples - Very symmetrical, followed korean style - Shitenno-ji

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- Finial (the thing on top) Horyu-ji

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Teika Oldest wooden building in the world Difference from shitenno is that it’s not symmetrical Breaks the symmetrical model

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Kofun of soga no umako - Huge tombs that look like big boulders with entrances Todaiji, Nara - Size of ten story building - Indirect entrance

Shoso in at todai Ji

(oh deer)

Heian Kyo - Heian-kyō was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years (wiki)

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New type of palace; Opened-up form of the plan - less constricted - Called Shinden Zukuri form - Opening up the palace and making it more transparent to the people

(expansion and compression) - Smaller temples, limited buddhism Byodo-in Uji, Kyoto - Former home of a prince - Adopted as buddhist temple

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4/3,5 Shoguns

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Kinkakuji Byodo in uji Himeji castle - Shogun plugs at end of roof tile gutters, put their logos on then Kumamoto castle

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- Another example of beautiful stacked forms Three great unifiers - Oda nobunaga - Decided to unify japan, alm succeeded - Famous for strategies - Azuchi Castle - Beauty vs cruelty - Chrysanthemum, the flower of japan - Paradox in japanese culture - High degree of sensitivity, but also high propensity for cruelty - This emerges in architecture - Beautiful architecture for buildings dedicated to death - Loved color - Gold discovered, used in trims - Honnoji, Kyoto - On a street that used to connect Kyoto to Tokyo - Lined with stores - Gaps between stores for temples from old days - Overtime, land in front of temples sold off for commercial purposes - Toyotomi Hideyoshi - Oda’s sandal bearer - In lowest class, but Oda recognized his intelligence and made him general - Became a shogun after Oda’s death - Extremely cruel, had inferiority complex, ruled by fear - Momoyama Fushima (his castle - Hiunkaku Flying Cloud Pavilion (Jurakudai) - Japanese garden, streams - Very famous and beautiful - Sen No Rikyu - Hired by Hideyoshi - Common people were not given proper names, he was also from low class - Introduced tea ceremony to japan, originally from china - Ritualizing things slows down time, capturing the present - Adds certainty and security - Held in rudimentary huts made out of whatever materials are around, made to deteriorate over time and only meant to be used once - Designed his own tea house - Calligraphy note hung on door for each guest - Crucified after he used Hideyoshi’s private tea house for family gathering

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Ieyasu Tokugawa (continued under battle of Sekigahara) - Murdered his family - Battle of sekigahara - Nijojo castle - Held ritual meetings, samurai just sat and looked at him and didn’t talk - Moved capital to tokyo - People who lived closer to him were people he trusted (i.e. advisors) Raku Bowl - Rough bowls to hold tea Wabi Sabi - Idea of cycle of life - In each phase there’s beauty - Nothing lasts - Nothing is ever finished - Nothing is perfect Ma - Means “space between”, or interstice - Consciousness of place between form and non form, experience progressively - Valuing the concept over form - Emptiness, blankness, silence - Noh Theatre Four sacred mountains of Buddhism Two types of japanese gardens - Karesansui, dry stone - Ryoanji - Wall made out of earth - Oil poured between layers - Oil starts to seep out of wall and creates pattern - Roof over wall to keep wall from eroding - For meditation - 15 rocks, can never see all the rocks - Lesson is tht there are things in life you’ll never see - Daigoji - Good example of zen gardens, very literal - Metaphor for life and death - Life moves around and comes to sea of heaven - Soen ozeki - Monk who lives in temple (?) - Zen is living in the moment, awareness is possible now - Ninnaji - Located in big park - Neutral background (landscape) - Sit on balcony to overlook landscape - Shakkai

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Borrowed landscape Composition of view

Stroll garden - Saigoji - Moss, not dry stone - Kinkakuji - Ginkakuji - Katsura, Kyoto - Designed by prince hachijo toshihito - Used to see moon - Used same ideas as tea house (local materials) - Known for zukuri style, using rough materials for elegant form - Many different patterns, balance of form - Wherever you are standing on the land, you see a perfect composition of house - Ken - 3x6ft modular system - Easily torn down and added to - Sukia - Something cute or something someone adores - The tea house approach - Tale of Gengi by Lady Murosaki - First novelist in the world - Describes zukuri house she lives in Battle of Sekigahara (October 21, 1600) - Nijojo (Ieyasu Tokugawa’s castle) - Simplicity of katsura palace overshadowed by wealth of shogun - Use Gold and gold leafs as decor over - Enclosure, castle within a castle, heavily protected - Flying goose pattern based on flexibility, basically just diagonals, didn’t want to make it easy for assassins to run through - Military Architecture - moved from kyoto to tokyo - daymia?n

Nakasendo highway - Not many developed towns (to attract tourists) - Sumago - Great place to visit bc very authentic old town Tokaido road Sankin-kotai (Alternate Attendance)- Shogun (ruler of the country) policy to strengthen feudal lords, move between city of Edo and his fief (occupied outside land) Hiroshige tokaido

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Tosogu, Nikko - Tomb of Tokugawa Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 260 years - Very paranoid, very strict, many restrictions on travel Shisendo - Built by Jozan Ishigawa (1583- 1672), a samurai warrior, Tokugawa’s bodyguard - Best swordsman of his day at age 18 - Dishonorably discharged for leaving his post to save his friend - Started working as security guard - Found religion after his mother got cancer - Adopted confucianism instead of zen - Went back to Kyoto, bought the property and designed house - Sukia style - Paintings of confucius poets along ceiling - Engawa (looks like a bridge/porch) - interstitial space, blend of interior and exterior - Everything very rough: handbuilt by himself - Has zen/buddhist window - Making a gesture towards zen? - Now owned by zen/buddhist group - Example of shakai - Three layers in landscape, gives feeling of infinite space - Designed a circular window to see the full moon The Opening of Japan 1853 - US invades Japan, quiet invasion - Matthew C. Perry enters Edo bay with “black ships” - Japan had been isolated under Tokugawa rule - Bafuku dishonored bc couldn’t defend against invasion, its legitimacy was then questioned - Tokugawa begins losing power and people lose faith - US forced Japan to open up Sakamoto Ryoma - Negotiate way for new government - Assassinated Meiji Period 1867 - Descendants of exiled outer lords organized overthrow of shoguns - Almost 300 years after they were exiled - Assimilated to western culture - If they can’t fight them, join them - The idea of “become your enemy” - Cut hair, took away swords, took away rice stipend - Pushback by samurai against Meiji-Meiji-Meiji regime - Saigo takamori satsuma rebellion

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First tried to negotiate with regime but didn’t work *watch Last Samurai w/ Tom Cruise* Majority of the population are densely packed by the Pacific Coast where the land is most fertile Rivers flow from west to east Further Inland = higher elevations Larger than mainland United States

Contained by natural landscapes - Himalayans, Gobi Desert, Pacific Ocean - essentially it’s own world, isolated from all other parts of the globe The name of China (“zhongguo” or “the middle kingdom”) should be originated from their geographic location in the globe and how it does relatively locate Comparisons between China and US geographically - American view (started with Jefferson) is the idea of constant new frontiers to the west - China is the opposite because they saw the western part of the country as a wall (literally deserts and the himalaya mountains block further expansion) Main Rivers: Yangtze and Yellow River - Deposited silt on the bay of Pacific; coast becomes very fertile for farming - Helped start early communities in the area Early Architecture - Used straw and natural wood to construct early homes - Water well located in center of town (public space) - Homes and other bldgs were built around it (private spaces)

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XIa Palace art Erlitou - Used technique of rammed earth - a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using natural

raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. (WIKI)

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Jinsha: a final phase of sanxingdui culture and represents a relocation of the political center Shang dynasty - The idea of the “middle kingdom” comes about because china is more or less in the middle of all the other kingdoms around it (japan, korea, mongols, india, etc.) - Shang dynasty mysteriously disappears - Shamans used oracle bones for prophecies, hastily buried Buildings don’t have upturned roofs yet Shang dynasty begins to decline due to corruption, capital is moved One theory is that hedonism took over at end, and the court started to fall apart

The Mattle of Muye Zhou Dynasty

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Important bc this is when a lot of traditions were established 3 periods - The Western Zhou Period - Zhou replaces Shang - But gradually loses control - The Spring and Autumn Period - Nobles fought king - The Warring States Period - Nobles fought each other Linzi, zhou - Similar typology to shang dynasty - Was the capital Philosophies born in Spring and Autumn Period - Lao Tze and Daoism - Often shown on buffalo - Retired from court life and left capital - Feng shui, idea of directionality - Tao Te Ching - Idea that you should look at nature, flexibility and accomodation and adaptability - Confucius - Lao teacher of Confucius - Tried to propose peace “The RIghtness of Names” - Everyone should know their place - Born in Qufu - Followers wrote down what he said - Natural order to universe, each person has role in society that they need to fulfill - Five relationships that need to be respected - Temple of Literature, Hanoi - Exams given here - System of meritocrity, self governing bc only ppl who were rich had time to study for tests - Gateway into civil service heiarchy, lifetime of privilage - Studied four books and five classics, had to memorize everything

Qin Shi Huang - Unified states - Burial place under man made mound - Pits of soldiers, mercury river Yang Xinmen - Fell through gap in earth and discovered stone soldiers

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Unification of warring states - Epang palace - Invention of the deconstructed crossbows that can be easily reconstructed and replaced, can be shipped/taken to battle Great wall of china Lingqu canal Han dynasty - Chang an capital - Pigs and sheep and dolls in burial - Silk road - Zhang qian founds it - Allowed movement across countries - Loulan, Tarim - crossroads - Found well preserved mummies - Mungao Caves at DunHuang -

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Chang’an - Largest city in the world during it’s time

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Han Dynasty lasts from 200 BC to 200 AD, capital is Chang’an Song Dynasty follows it - Dougkung - Interlocking system that allowed them to build without nails o screws

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Zheng He - Explorer sent to explore the West - From a muslim family originally, changes his name to Zheng He - Created sea routes of Silk Road

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Chinese gardens - Suzhou (water city)

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Clay that comes from there turns white and grey after baking Moat around the old city, now surrounded by new cities Gardens are all in old city, all are relatively similar to each other Each garden has a theme - China in microcosm - Public area for reception, leads to private area - Recreates a flowing river - Pathways are patterned - The hall of distant fragrance pavilion in the humble administrator's garden - Master of Nets Garden - Organic land - Gardens were designed by landscape painters - Confusion ideal was to live as a hermit in da wild - Scholar hermit idea (like the monk shisendo from japan) - Systematized patterns, more static than japanese gardens - Used rocks in the gardens - Chose rocks to put by the ocean to be eroded by waves - Creates a natural design - Hand carved screens, framed views - Chinese gardens dont have the meditative attributes that Japanese gardens have - More focused on entertainment and gatherings; less natural - Jap. Gardens allows to be in the “present” and meditate Zhouzhuang Water Town

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Beijing

Tourist destinations Uses canals as a means to travel; helps to get into houses - Not quite like Venice, Italy canals - Houses are back to back (ie. Zhang House) - Creates “convection cooling” - Courtyards allow cool air to get in in; hot air among the houses rise Lee River Valley - Features a unique landscape of tall, round-top mountains

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Roofs start to turn up (lit) Beijing capital would be susceptible to northern invasion attacks Has three parts: Inner city, Outer City, Forbidden City - Use of color in arch. denotes rank/status - Uses symmetry in aligning/constructing buildings

- Forbidden City Palace Natural water source brought into city - Flow of energy from outside Hierarchy in the sections of the city - Further out from the forbidden city = dangerous/impoverish - Forbidden city not really used as a plaza to celebrate - Used more for rituals and religious purposes - Never intended for public - All colors and decorations meant something - Streets were dangerous - Side of building facing street was very plain Temple of Heaven - Three is an important number; uses three circular platforms for the temple - Restored for olympics - Inside of temple of heaven, large sectional model - Reminiscent of elevated mounds from shang dynasty Empress Cixi -

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Last empress who built summer palace

Romanesque Architecture - Era of Charlemagne - Became Holy Roman Emperor - “New Rome” - Palatine Chapel Aachen

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It looks like a chode Essentially the royal chapel Designed by Odo of Metz - Uses Martyrian form with Basilica form - Making a martyr of emperor The Crusades - Nine crusades, power went back and forth between diff groups

Salah-Ad-Din - Tomb in damascus - Statue outside shows reverence for him, a brilliant leader, kind even to prisoners Richard the Lionheart - Statue at Westminster - Frenemy of Salah ad din - They killed each other This period is known as period of the dark ages

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St. Martin Canigou, Spain

- Religion was critical, people would go into monasteries for protection - They pray, study, and eat - Classic example of survival; isolation within the mountains Romanesque period basically consisted of people trying to recreate roman architecture - Rediscovery of roman techniques Cistercian Abbeys - Emerged from lack of law (especially in France) - Began to become powerful - Fontenay

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- Cloister, where people would walk during the day - Walk around courtyard, very peaceful Clairvaux - These became cities, very wealthy - Monastery, huge columns Conque - Little village in france - All elements of roman church - Interesting decorations and carvings, biblical scenes to scare away (?) St Philibert Tournous

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Attempt to make arch bigger and building bigger

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Bellwall? - Arches are turned to span across Maria Laach Bebedictine, Rhineland Mont St Michel

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