BIO 160 CNS & PNS Review Questions PDF

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1) Division that carries signal to the smooth muscle in the large intestine- visceral motor division. 2) Some afferent neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas efferent neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system. 3) Nerve fiber refers to an axon. 4) Myelination in PNS & CNS- PNS= Schwann cells & CNS= oligodendrocytes. 5) The myelin sheath is….composed of lipids and formed by cells. 6) The conduction of nerve impulse depends on the diameter of the fiber and presence or absence of myelin. 7) In order for a nerve fiber to regenerate it must have...the soma and at least some neurilemma intact. 8) Potassium has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential. 9) Local potentials form in the dendrites/cell body. 10) Opening of Na+ gates typically leads to...depolarization of the plasma membrane. 11) Retrograde transport moves vesicles, membranes, and viruses towards the body & uses motor protein dyenin. 12)What follows depolarization? Repolarization

potassium

13) Local potential vs action potential→ local potential is decremental, graded, reversible while action potential is nondecremental,  nongraded, irreversible, and all or nothing. 14)Hyperpolarization→ Potassium causes cell to become more negative because it is leaving the cell. 15) Absolute refractory period no stimulus of any strength can cause an action potential. 16)Saltatory conduction done by myelinated fibers, entrance of Na repels positive ions, decreased  leakage of Na+.

17) Potassium leaky channels; what happens when they’re blocked? Cell becomes more positive. 18) Place the following events in synaptic transmission @ a cholinergic synapse in order. 19)Which glial cells form the blood brain barrier? Astrocytes 20) What’s the typical RMP of an axon? -70 mV 21) Neurotransmitter that excites the skeletal muscle and inhibits the cardiac muscle? Acetylcholine 22) Na-K pump? Pumps 3 Na+ out the cell and K+ into the cell to maintain the ionic balance. 23) When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, we say the cell is repolarizing. 24) Sodium is recovreing from their inactive state and K+ are still open is the relative refractory period you can still initiate AP. 25) Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters→ Excitatory= & Inhibitory= GABA & glycine. 26) Resting membrane potential happens when the exterior of the cell is positive and interior of the cell is negative; in the muscle it is -90 mV while the nerve’s RMP is -70 mV; Na+ activation gates are closed and inactivation gates are open. 27) How does the axon hillock allow the production of action potential? Has more voltage-gated channels. 28) Which tract carries pain sensations? Spinothalamic tracts in the ascending tracts; ascending tracts carry vibration, pressure, touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature; arise at one point and ends at the other (contralateral); located at dorsal and some in lateral column. 29) Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglia? Sensory neurons which the posterior root ganglion touch. 30)Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the anterior horn.

31)Where do proprioception and pressure impulses cross? Medulla oblongata 32) Where does the spinothalamic tract cross? At the spinal cord. 33) Epidural anesthesia is introduced in the epidural space between the dural sheath and vertebral bones to block pain signals during pregnancy. 34) Voluntary motor impulse leaves the spinal cord via which type of neuron? Alpha motor neuron. Or “the fibers that carry action potentials to cause skeletal muscle to contract are alpha motor neurons.” 35) Cerebrospinal fluid fills in the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. 36) Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content? White matter. 37) Neurilemma is present where? PNS 38) Descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord. 39) Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus. 40) How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? 31 41) Anterior rami of C5 to T1 form which plexus? Brachial plexus. 42) Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? Phrenic 43) Which of the following nerve originates in the lumbosacral plexus and causes sciatica? Sciatic nerve 44) Which nerve lesion will cause wrist drop? Radial nerve injury. 45) Which nerve lesion will cause carpal tunnel syndrome? Medial nerve 46) Bipolar neurons are present in special sensory neurons. 47) Which of these is an ascending tract of the spinal cord? Gracile fasciculus 48) A mixed nerve consists of  afferent and efferent nerves. 49) Stretch reflexes involve the biceps, triceps, patellar, plantar, calcaneal. 50) List some stretch reflex properties.

51) Stretch reflexes contain muscle spindles that are intrafusal and extrafusal. Intrafusal are in the middle and innervated in the sensory neurons in the gray matter to detect length change of the muscle and the speed of changes. Reciprocal inhibition is in the patellar reflex. 52) Plantar reflex- Stroke plantar sole with key upwards and all toes curl up. 53) Innervated by the femoral nerve; quadriceps should contract, while hamstrings relax. 54) Babinski reflex- big toe stays extended while other flex; normal in newborns; considered to be an upper motor lesion in adults. 55) Spinal nerves have the cell body of sensory neurons. 56) Somatosensory refers to the sensory signals coming from joints, bones, proprioceptors, and the skin. 57) Neurosomas of the anterior root are located where? Gray matter 58) Flexor (withdrawal) reflex→ withdrawing when touching something painful. 59) Cross-extensor→ flexor withdrawal; neuron crosses to opposite side, extending limb to maintain balance; POLYSYNAPTIC. 60) Reflexes that use only two neurons are called monosynaptic. 61) The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by gamma motor neurons. 62) The fibers that carry action potentials to cause skeletal muscle to contract are alpha motor neurons. 63) A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on the opposite sides of the spinal cord→ contralateral. 64) Tendon reflex→ stops muscles from contracting too much and prevents tendons from breaking. ...