BIO 210L RS Lab2 - notes on weekly chapters PDF

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BIO-210L Lab 2 Overview of Tissues, Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue Tissue: collections of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions Identify the four major tissue types. Epithelial tissue: covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms glands Connective tissue: fills internal spaces, provides structural support for others tissues, transports materials within the body and stores energy Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart and muscular walls of the hollow organs Nervous Tissue: carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses Identify the basic types and properties of epithelial tissue at the microscopic level. Lumen: inside space of tubular structure Apical surface: surface of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body exterior Microvilli: nonmotile finger like protrusions from the apical surface Cilia: short eyelash like filament that is numerous on tissue cells Basal surface: bottom edge of a cell Basement membrane: a thin and delicate membrane of protein fibers Simple squamous epithelium: a single layer of flat cells in contact with basal lamina Simple cuboidal epithelium: a single layer of cube like cells, spherical nuclei near the center of each cell Simple columnar epithelium: a single layer of columnar cells attached to the basement membrane with oval shaped nuclei located in the basal region Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: columnar that includes several types of cells with varying functions and shapes Stratified squamous epithelium: layers of flat cells, protects against physical and chemical attacks Keratinized: superficial layers are both tough and water resistant Non-keratinized: resists abrasion but will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist Stratified columnar epithelium: protect against chemical stresses Transitional epithelium: permits expansion and recoil after stretching Goblet cell: secrete mucins, type of intestinal mucosal epithelial cell that serves as primary site for nutrient digestion Identify and describe locations within the body where the different types of epithelial tissue would be found. Simple cuboidal: they would be found in portions of kidney tubules, thyroid glands, ducts, and glands Simple squamous: alveoli of the lungs, lining of thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities of trunk, lining of blood vessels and heart © 2017. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.

Simple columnar: lining of kidney, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys Pseudostratified columnar: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract Stratified squamous: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina Stratified columnar: epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, urethra Transitional: urinary system Identify the basic types and properties of glands at the microscopic level. What are glands composed of? They are composed of epithelial tissue Endocrine gland: produces endocrine which is released directly into the surrounding intestinal fluid Exocrine gland: produce exocrine, secretions are discharged into epithelial surface Merocrine: product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis Apocrine: involves loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product Holocrine: destroys the gland Identify and describe the basic structure of connective tissue at the microscopic level. Matrix: composed of ground substance and fibers Fibers: Elastin fibers: contain protein elastin, branched wavy Collagen fibers: most common, long straight and unbranched, consist of bundle of fibrous protein subunits wound together Reticular fibers: thinner than collagen fibers but consist of same protein subunits, form branching interwoven framework Ground substance: fills space between cells and surrounding connective tissue Fibroblasts: always present in connective tissue, abundant permanent or fixed residents. Secrete hyaluronan and proteins Mesenchyme: first connective tissue to appear in developing embryo Identify the basic types and properties of connective tissue proper at the microscopic level. Loose connective tissue: “packaging material” of the body, fill space in organs- cushion and stabilize specialized cells in many organs Areolar connective tissue: least specialized connective tissue in adults, open framework Adipose connective tissue: distinction between areolar tissue and fat, provides padding, absorbs shock, acts as insulator Reticular connective tissue: provides supporting framework Dense connective tissue: often called collagenous tissues since collagen fibers are dominant Dense regular connective tissue: parallel to each other, packed tightly, aligned with forces applied to tissue Dense irregular connective tissue: form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern Elastic connective tissue: dense regular connective tissue made up mainly of elastic fibers Identify the basic types and properties of fluid connective tissue at the microscopic level. Blood: connective tissue with distinctive collections of cells Plasma: blood cells and fragments of cells known as formed elements © 2017. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.

Lymph: forms interstitial fluid enter lymphatic vessels Identify the basic types and properties of supporting connective tissue at the microscopic level. Cartilage: firm gel contains polysaccharide derivatives called chondroitin sulfates Chondrocytes: cartilage cells, only cells in cartilage matrix Lacunae: small chambers Perichondrium: contains 2 distinct layers, outer fibrous region of dense irregular connective tissue and inner cellular layer Hyaline cartilage: tough but somewhat flexible because its matrix consist closely packed collagen fibers, covers bone surfaces at synovial joints Elastic cartilage: extremely resilient and flexible, contains numerous elastic fibers, provides support but tolerates distortion without damage Fibrocartilage: resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, limits movement Bone: mixture of calcium salts, primarily calcium phosphate with lesser amounts of calcium carbonate Osteocytes: bone cells Lacunae: small space containing an osteocyte in bone Lamellae: main type of bone in mature skeleton, provides protection and strength Concentric: one of the tubular layers of bone surrounding the central canal in an osteon Circumferential: bony lamella that encircles the outer or inner surface of bone Insterstitial: remnants of osteons that were partially reabsorbed during the process of bone remodeling Canaliculi: passage ways from a branching network for the exchange of materials between Periosteum: Trabecular bone: Cortical bone: Haversian system (osteon): Haversian (central) canal: Volkman’s (perforating) canal: Identify and describe locations within the body where the different types of connective tissue would be found. Add one example location for each type of connective tissue.

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