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Professor Goodman Lowe...

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Geological Oceanography 1. The oceans cover approximately how much of the earth's surface in the northern hemisphere? ● 61 % in northern 80 % in southern 2. What are the world's 4 major ocean basins? What are their characteristics? ● Pacific, Atlantic, Indian , and Arctic. Pacific is the largest and deepest. Atlantic and indian are similar in size and depth , Arctic is smallest and shallowest ocean basin. 3. What is the process by which an oceanic plate moves underneath a continental plate? ● subduction *4. What are divergent zones, subduction zones and convergent zones? How do each form? What types of plates are involved at each zone? What occurs at each of these? ● divergent zones are when two plates are moving away from each other. convergent is when they are colliding and subduction is when one plate moves underneath the other plate. Oceanic and continental plates are involved in subduction and convergent zones. The divergent zone involves lithospheric plates. 5. What are tsunamis and how do they form? ● Tsunami meaning “harbor waves” produced by seismic disturbances like earthquakes , landslides, etc. 6. What is the vast single ocean present about 200 million years ago? ● Panthalassa 7. What is the area of the continental margin where sediments pile up? ● Continental rise 8. Where would you find submarine canyons? ● continental slope 9. How is the east coast of the United States is characterized?

10. How is the salinity of water is expressed? ● the number of grams of salt in 1000 g of sea water 11. Which ions comprise about 85% of the solutes in seawater ● sodium and chloride 12. Which bodies of water has the lowest salinity and why? ● Baltic Sea because evaporation is low and precipitation is high 13. The movement of water within the global ocean is important because...? ● critical in regulating earth’s climate 14. How often does the seawater in the ocean completely mix? ● 1000 year timescale 15. Approximately how many years did it take for the Continental Drift theory to be formally proposed after Sir Frances Bacon thought of it? ● 1612-1920 - 292 years 16. What is the evidence for Continental Drift? ● geological formations like rock type, coal deposits, and fossils actually match up on the now separated continents 17. Sea Floor spreading, hydrothermal vents, and mid-oceanic ridges are all features of what type of zone? ● divergent zone 18. The Pacific Plate is moving in which direction? ● North west 19. Deep Oceanic Trenches- know all of the features! ● Plate descends into the mantle and sea floor slopes downward, deepest part of the ocean floor, narrow in width but very long 20. Know all of the parts and features of the Continental Margins (Shelf, Slope, Rise, Abyssal Plain ● shelf- gentle slope and shallow part of margin, this is the edge of continent that is underwater and ends abbrublty at the shelf break, has the most life because its shallowest aka rich food chain, very narrow in pacific 0.6 miles from shore vs Atlantic coast where it extends up to 100s of miles off shore. Where oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate , you get continental shelf. ● slope- very steep, closest thing you can get to the edge of the continent, bottom of slope occurs at 10k-16k ft, submarine canyon that go down the slope funnel sediments to the sea floor

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rise- thick layer of sediment that streams down from the continental slope, piles up on the sea floor into deposits called deep sea fan, similar to river deltas, when many deep sea fans overlap they form the continental rise ● abysal- deep sea plain / sea floor, very deep 10-16k ft deep , almost entire floor is flat except sea mounts, seam of mid ocean ridge and deep oceanic trenches 21. Which side of N. America (East or West Coast) has a larger Continental Shelf? Why? ● Atlantic bc N America is drifiing westward so you get a narrow shelf on pacific coast 22. What is a hot spot? Where are they? How are they related to the Hawaiian Islands ● hot spot- where a plume of hot magma rises from deep in the mantle to erupt in volcanic activity, most can be found under oceanic plates, mid oceanic ridges and few beneath continents, the hawaiian islands are said to be formed by a hotpot.

Chemical Oceanography 1. How is the speed of molecules related to temperature? ● the faster they move the higher the temperature. 2. What is water (atom, molecule, etc)? What is the composition of water? ● Water is a molecule made up of atoms. 1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms make a water molecule. 3. Why is water is unique? How does ice differ from water? What happens to the molecules when ice forms? ● water is the only substance that occurs naturally in all three states. When the h2o cools molecules move slower and pack closer together. If it gets cold enough ice forms and molecules expand and get spaced farther apart. then when h20 freezes it forms ice and floats. 4. Where do the minerals come from (know all on the figure in text) ● from volcanoes and undersea hydrothermal vents 5. Which element is found in the highest concentration in seawater? ● cO2 6. How much of the earth is made up of seawater? Of fresh water? ● 96.5% salt 3.5% fresh water lakes and frozen in ice caps 7. What does the amount of dissolved gases found in seawater depends on? ● all 3 enter the ocean at the sea surface boundary between water and air , sometimes the reverse happens and the sea releases gases back into the atmosphere, the temp of the water while solids dissolve better in warm water , gases dissolve better in cold water, the density of marine organisms, algae, phytoplankton take up co2 and release 02 animals do the opposite, more plankton and algae = more O2 and more animals means more co2 8. What are the characteristics of dissolved gases? ● gases dissolved in sea water that are essential to organism life : O2 N2 CO2 9. What is the order that the wavelengths of light penetrate the ocean (from shallow to deep)? Why is this important? ● red to blue important because if it weren’t p/s would only occur at the surface and there would be little light in the sea 10. How many atmospheres of pressure would an organism be subjected to at 10m, 20m, 30m, etc in the ocean? with every 10 m of depth pressure increases by 1 atmosphere 11. How does pressure affect gas-filled structures as an organism descends into deep water, and as it ascends from deep to shallow water? Why is this important to living organisms? organsims lungs will shrink or collapse , limits the depth ranges of many marine organisms. if you do the opposite gas filled structures are injured or break. Physical Oceanography 1. What drives the Coriolis Effect? ● because the earth is round anything that moves over its surface tends to turn a little rather than move in a straight line. 2. What are the three main types of winds on earth? Which are the strongest/weakest? Which direction do they blow from? What is the area right at the equator called? How windy is it? ● equatorial winds that arent straight but bend bc of corrolis effect are trade winds, westerlies lie at middle latitude and move in opposite directions toward trade winds, Polar easterlies most variable winds of all. 3. Because ocean currents move clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, waters are generally warmer on which sides of coasts? Which sides of oceans? ● warm currents on the western side of the gyres carry the sun’s heat from the equator to high altitudes, cold currents flow in the opposite direction of eastern sides of gyre. surface temps are higher on western side of ocean than on eastern side. 4. Define wave crest, trough, height, wavelength, period, and fetch. ● wave- most visable ocean phenomia , crest is highest point on wave, trough is lowest, height is vertical

distance between crest and trough, wavelength is distance between crest and trough, period is time it takes for wave to go from a given point. fetch is distance the wind blows and on the depth of the body of water. 5. Why would you find smaller waves in Newport Bay than in the Pacific? ● because it has a small fetch than the pacific 6. How do tides form? What influences tides more, the sun or the moon? Why? ● caused by the gravitational pull of moon and sun and rotations of earth moon and sun 7. When and why do Spring tides and Neap tides occur? How often each month? California is characterized by having what type of tides? Why? How about other places discussed in class? ● spring tides during full and new moon when sun and moon are lined up. higher high tides , lower low tides. when sun and moon are at right angles it causes neap tides lower high tides and higher low tides. California has mixed semi diurnal tides. tides are based on the shape and depth of the ocean and the coastlines. semidiurnal tides can be found in east coast and most of europe and africa. Dirunal tides occur in gulf of mexico and antarctica. 8. What is unique about the Bay of Fundy? ● Its a funnel shaped bay and tidal range can be several feet 9. What is downwelling? What is upwelling? What are Elkman Spirals? ● downwelling when surface water becomes more dense than the water below. the surface water sinks and displaces and mixes with deeper water. upwelling the upward flow of nutrient rich water nutrients to the surface. in pattern called Ekman spiral process passes down through the water column, each layer pushed by the layer above and pushing the one below. Photosynthesis and Taxonomy 1. What is an autotroph? Know examples. ● an organism that produces its own food. plants, trees, flowers 2. Know the photosynthetic equation. ● 6co2 + 6h20 → 6O2 + C6H12O6 3. What is needed for photosynthesis and what is produced? ● the sun’s rays are needed along with photosynthetic pigments of the plant for p/s to work. Produced is glucose that can be transformed into other organic molecules. O2 is also released in the atmosphere to be used by heterotrophs. 4. What is respiration? Who does it? What is used? What is produced? ● all organisms including autotrophs perform respiration because it is a function of using energy. Respiration is the chemical recation from p/s. Sugars are broken down using oxygen and co2 and water are given off. 5. What is carbon fixation? Who does it? ● P/s changes carbon from an inorganic to organic form. in any organism that photosynthesizes 6. What type of molecule is glucose? When is it formed? What is its structure? What does it ultimately become in organisms (i.e. what are its important functions?) ● glucose is an organic molecule. Its formed as the product of photosynthesis. 6 molecules o co2 to make one sugar. glucose is transformed into other organic molecules such as other carbohydrates, in add to proteins,lipids,fats,oils, and amino acids. If glucose is not used it is stored as starch or fat. 7. What are the two types of respiration and how do they differ? ● Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is adequate o2 yields at 3 atp / molecule of glucose, aerobic respiration occurs when there is inadequate o2, yields 2 atp per molecule of glucose results in build up of lactic acids in animals. in plants a buildup of ethenol. 8. What are the two most important nutrients needed by autotrophs? ● nitrogen and phosphorus 9. What taxonomic system do we use and who formulated it? ● Binomial nomenclature system where every living organism has two names a genius and a species name. Developed by carolus Linnaeus in 1700s in latin the language of scholars. 10. What is the order of the groups from Domain all the way down to species? ● Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 11. What is the definition of a species? ● an organism that can only breed and produce viable offspring with another of the same species. 12. What are the 3 Domains, and 4 Kingdoms and which organisms belong in each one? ● Archaea, bacteria, eukaryote domains. 4 kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae , Animalia. 13. What are viruses? Are they classified? Why/why not? ● Viruses consist of only a short chain of genetic material containting relatively few genes and protected by

outer protein coat capsid. Is not classified because it is non living. 14. Which are more closely related, bottlenose dolphins and humpback whales, or bottlenose dolphins and killer whales? Why? ● bottle nose and killer whale because they share more of the classification groups. Plankton and Marine Plants 1. What are meroplankton, holoplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Know examples. ● meroplankton spends only part of life as plankton aka sea jellies larval , holoplankton spend whole lives as plankton aka phytoplankton, zooplankton are plankton that are heterotrophs. 2. What are some adaptations plankton use to float and to avoid predators? ● to float be gelantinous , have floats or bladders, have lots of blubber, lose your shell, be broad and flattened. To avoud predators, vertical migrations, transparent, bioluminesence, bristles and spines, chemical defenses. 3. What are diatoms? Where do they live? Why are they important? ● Diatoms are one of the most important types of plankton. they dominate in cold temperate waters and when they die they get concentrated into large deposits = distomaceous eart. used in polishes , insulating material

and filters. 4. What are dinoflagellates? Where do they live? Why are they important? ● dinoflagettes are the other most important type of plankton. dominant in warm water 5. What is bioluminescence? Why would an organism want to have it? ● it means glow in the dark and can be used to scare predators away. 6. What is ciguatera? What causes it? Where is it found? How many people are affected by it each year? ● cigutera is a seafood toxicity caused by the bottom dwelling of dinoflagelatees . 200,000 people a year affected 7. Which Kingdom does algae belong in? Why? ● Protista beuase although more advanced than unicellular algae , they lack complax sturctures and reprodcutive mechanisms of higer terrestrial plants 8. What structures are found in plants vs. algae and how do they differ? ● plants have root stem leaf flower and algae has holdfast, stipe, blade, pneumatocysts 9. What are the 2 most important NUTRIENTS for algae growth? ● nitrogen and phosphorous 10. How are algae classified into groups? ● based on their accessory pigments 11. What are the Chlorophyta? Where are they found in the water column? How old are they? How closely are they related to land plants? What are some examples of species? ● ancesstors of modern land plants because of same pigment ompisition and storage product , youngest division of algae. ex Phylum. Found in the shallowest of three division of algae. Ex Ulva and codium 12. What are the Phaophyta? Where are they found in the water column? What are some examples of species? What products do they give us and what are those products used for? ● dominate in warm rocky coasts, found in mid depths relative to other algae divisions produce algin thickening agents , stabilizers and emusfer in food like ice cream cheese ,used in textiles , cosmetics, thickner in shampoo lipstick shaving cream. used in making rubber products paint and paper species include sargassum , macrosystis 13. What are the Rhodophyta? Where are they found in the water column? How old are they? What are some examples of species? What products do they give us and what are those products used for? ● oldest division of algae, found deepest relative to other algae divisions, examples are the corraline algae they prduce carageenah and agar. 14. What are carageenan, algin, iodine, and agar? ● ● ● ●

carageenan - emulsifer found in shampoos, ice cream, many processed foods like instant pudding algin- thickening agent , stabilizer and emusfer in food like ice cream and cheese Agar- used for plates to culture bacteria, in gel capsules, dental impression material,base for some cosmetics, forms jellies in canned ham and used as thickener in low cal foods iodine - produced by giant kelp put on scrape

Example exam questions: 1. The Bay of Fundy has large tidal fluctuations because a. it is an island surrounded by very deep water b. it

has a very steep continental slope c. it has a funnel-shaped coastline d. the sun and moon line up directly over it’s latitude e. all of the above 2. All of the following are true about Sponges EXCEPT a. They sometimes have silica spicules in their skeletons b. They are filter feeders c. They are very closely related to tunicates d. They are in the Phylum Porifera e. They can reproduce both asexually and sexually 3. According to the book, tsunamis a. Come from the Japanese word meaning harbor waves b. Are produced by earthquakes and landslides, etc. on the sea floor c. Can move as fast as an airplane can fly d. Can kill 100’s of thousands of people e. All of the above...