BIOL 191 Lecture Notes - Professor Catherine Scollick PDF

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Professor Catherine Scollick...

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What Is Life Review - Biology is the study of life - 5 Characteristics of Life - All living things are highly organized/ made up of cells - All living things are made up of cells - Some are unicellular (bacteria) some are multicellular (humans) (Cells are considered cells if surrounded by a cell membrane) - They come from and give rise to other cells (cell theory) - E.g. Bacteria, plant cells, animal cells - All living things regulate metabolic processes - Sum of all biological chemical reactions is metabolism - E.g. Cellular respiration, photosynthesis - All living things respond to stimuli - E.g. Startled reaction, moving away from pain, squinting at bright light - All living things reproduce - Asexual: Only one parent neededd to reproduce offspring (fision) - Sexual: Two parent cells coming together to make offspring - All living things have the ability to evolve - E.g. Humans, apes, butterflies, - Needs to check off all 5 characteristics to be considered living - Organization of life - Chemical → Cellular → Organismal - Chemical - Atomic, Molecular, Macromolecule - Cellular - Organelles, Cell components - Organismal (Anatomy and Physiology) - Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism (species) - Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to maintain a balanced internal environment - Cells working together to perform a similar function, such as the muscle cells in your heart, is known as tissue - Virus is nonliving Inorganic Chemistry Review 2 - 3 types of bonds - Ionic Bond - Donating or accept electrons - Creation of ions (cations and anions) - Cations is an atom that loses (donates) an electron, positively charged ion - Anions is an atom that accepts an electron, negatively charged ion - Fully charged

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Covalent bond - Atoms share electrons - Polar vs nonpolar - Polar, uneven pull - Non polar, equally shared - Hydrogen bonds - It is not a true bond, it is a weak interaction between oppositely charged atoms - Partial charges - They are what makes water so essential to life Why water is so useful - Polar molecules - Polar covalent bonding - Ability to form the maximum number of hydrogen bonds Polar covalent bonds have partial charges and allow the formation of hydrogen bonds Cohesion, 2 water molecules bonded to each other Adhesion, water molecule bonded to a different molecule

Carbon Chemistry Review - Carbon is Versatile - Has 4 spots to bond to different atoms - Can bond to other carbons to form chains and ring structures - Single, double, or triple covalent bonds - Forms the basis for attaching functional groups - Carbons versatility allows for hydrocarbons and the formation of a carbon/ hydrocarbon backbone - The ability to attach different functional groups to give molecules different properties -

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Macromolecules - 4 Major Macromolecules - Protein - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Nucleic acids Creating Macromolecules - In order to create a macromolecule, we need to link together monomers - By linking together monomers, we create polymers - Using dehydration to link them together - Hydrolysis used to break them apart

Carbohydrates Review - Monomer - Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose - Polymer

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- Polysaccharide: Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Peptidoglycan, Glycogen Functions of Carbohydrates - Energy and energy storage - Cell identity - Structural How are carbohydrates linked together - Dehydration reaction - Creates glycosidic bonds (a specific type of covalent bond) - 2 types of glycosidic bonds: - Alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bond - Beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

Lipids Review - Largely hydrophobic - Large amounts of hydrogen bonds (C-H bonds) relative to polar groups - No real monomer - However, fatty acid chains are linked together by dehydration - Creates ester linkage - Divided into 3 main classes - Triglycerides - Energy storage, insulation, cushioning - Phospholipids - Makes up majority of cell membrane - Steroids - Hormones: signaling molecules - Cell membrane structure - LDL Vs HDL - Both ways to transport cholesterol throughout the body - Your body needs cholesterol, but how it is transported can affect overall health - LDL: Low density lipoprotein - Transports cholesterol to blood vessel - HDL: High density lipoprotein - Transports cholesterol to liver to be discarded by the body...