Botany - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Botany - Scientific study of plants (structure, function, factors affecting plant growth and development). - Plant sciences and plant biology. Subsciences of Botany 1. Plant taxonomy a) Plant classification 2. Plant anatomy a) Part of plants 3. Plant Morphology a) Forms of plants 4. Plant Physiology a) Plant function 5. Plant Genetics a) Inherited variations 6. Plant Cytology a) Plant cells 7. Plant ecology a) Study of roles and connection to ecology 8. Plant Pathology a) Diseases of plants 9. Paleobotany a) Study of plants in old times b) Fossil record c) Evolution of plants

- Stem 1. Node a) Where leaves, branches, and aerial roots grow out from stem. 2. Internode a) Links nodes of plant together. - Flower  For reproduction  Modified leaves (petals)  Stamens and carpels - Bud  New growth in plant  Types of bud according to position: 1. Apical bud or terminal buds a) Present at the apex and branches b) Responsible for vertical growth of plant 2. Axillary bud or lateral buds a) Usually grow into branches b) Growth is sideways (horizontal) 3. Adventitious buds a) Grows in other parts of the plants Gross structure of seed plants

Gross structure of plants

Root system  Cannot perform photosynthesis  For absorption of minerals  Parts: 1. Taproot a) Primary root 2. Lateral root a) Horizontal Shoot system - Leaves 1. Petiole a) The stalk that connects the leaf to the stem. 2. Leaf base a) Lowest part of the leaf and closest to the petiole. 3. Leaf-blade or Lamina a) Widest part of the leaf. b) Thin, flat, and typically green in color. c) Parts: i. Leaf apex 1. The tip of the leaf blade ii. Leaf margin 1. The edge of the leaf iii. Leaf veins 1. Small channels or capillaries

- Gymnosperm  Female gametophyte  Haploid  Inside ovulate cone  Male gametophyte  Found in pollen  Sporophyte (2n)  Overall plant - Angiosperm  Female gametophyte  Found in the ovary of the flower  Male gametophyte  Found in the anther of the flower  Sporophyte (2n)  Diploid  Overall plant  Vegetative structure Characteristics of plant  Eukaryotic  Has nuclear membrane  Autotrophs  Produces glucose that will be deposited in different parts of plant  Multicellular  Cell wall with cellulose  Chloroplasts (ch a and b carotenoids)  Absobs the wavelengths of light

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Gives of oxygen Sessile  Grows in one place only Stomata allows gas exchange Cell specialization  Can specialize in different needs of plant  Example  Plasticity  Can be formed in different shape  Plant’s ability to adapt to and cope with the changes in its environment Alternation of generation  Life cycle of plants

Difference of eukaryotes and prokaryotes...