C181 - HELP WITH EXAM PREP PDF

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c181 OA study guide Study online at quizlet.com/_5udrh5 1.

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3.

3 formal powers of the president in policy making or legislative process

veto power, pocket veto, sighing legislation commander in chief appointment power

4.

3rd Amendment

the housing of soldiers

5.

4th Amendment

Protection against Unreasonable Search and Seizure

6.

5th Amendment

double jeopardy, i'll plead the 5th, gov. cant take your property, why the are arresting you and right to due process( sums up your rights)

7.

6th Amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

21.

Biacameral

having two branches or chambers in the legislative branch

22.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

23.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

24.

Bureaucracy

an organization in which employees have specific job responsibilities and work(part of the executive branch that does all the hard work of applying the law)

25.

California vs. Bakke

Case which challenged affirmative action laws and mandated that quotas can not be used. (quotas= all different races and genders etc.)

26.

Capitalism

system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. (ex. united states. small business and restaurants, free to make your own money)

27.

central ideas of federalist paper 51

that separation of powers and checks and balances will prevent mob-rule. if powers distributed even between 3 branches

8.

7th Amendment

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases (rights in civil cases)

9.

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment, excessive bail, fines

10.

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

28.

11.

10th Amendment

states deciding their own laws with out the federal government being involved (ex. marijuana)

checks and balances

each branch has a power to say no to the other 2 branches. balancing out all 3 branches so 1 doesn't become more powerful

29.

12.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

13.

14th Amendment

Declares that all people born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

ruled that individuals, corporations, and unions could donate unlimited amounts of money to groups that make independent political expenditures. (ex. super PACS)

14.

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

30.

Civil Liberties

freedom to think and act without government interference. what the government can not take from you (negative rights)

15.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

31.

civil rights

16.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

17.

agenda building

the process by which new issues are brought into the political limelight

governments decision to provide you with these kinds of rights. ( right to vote, right to a jury trial in criminal cases, right to equal employment opportunity) positive rights

18.

Anarchism

opposes government in any form. believed society would function better without a government.

32.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

33.

19.

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution (protect the states from dictatorship of a strong government)

Civil Rights Movement

political movement for african americans equality before the law

34.

coalition building

working with other interest groups with the purpose of achieving the same goal

20.

Articles of Confederation

the compact among the 13 original states that established the first government of the united states

35.

Communitarians

Those who are willing to use government to promote both order and equality.(order, equality)

36.

Confederation

an alliance of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters.

37.

conservative

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom. (order and freedom)

conventional participation

peaceful participation. examples includes voting, donating to a campaign, and writing letters to officeholders.

39.

Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake)

A system of government in which states and the national government share powers and policy assignments. overlap between state powers and national powers

40.

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

41.

de jure segregation

government forced segregation

42.

Direct Democracy

allows the people to directly make laws and govern themselves(people make all the decisions)

43.

direct lobbying

interest groups are meeting directly face to face with government officials (done by professional lobbyist )

44.

District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Individuals have a right to own a loaded handgun at home for self defense

45.

Divied Government

one party controls the white house and another party controls one or both houses of congress

46.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Slaves are not citizens (they were viewed as property) and therefore have no legal rights

38.

47.

48.

Dual Federalism (Layer Cake)

Due Process Clause

A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain superior within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. (clear differences between state and national powers, functions and responsibilities) relationship between the nation and states is characterized by tension rather than cooperation part of the 14th Amendment which guarantees that no state deny basic rights to its people

49.

Electoral College

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vicepresident. there are 270 electoral votes you need to win to be elected

50.

Elite Theory

theory that upper class elites exercise great influence over public policy

51.

enumerated powers

Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war.

52.

equality of opportunity

giving people an equal chance to succeed

53.

equality of outcome

given the same opportunity and privileges two people should end up in the same position or at least equal position.

54.

Executive Branch

Enforces laws

55.

executive order

A rule issued by the president that has the force of law

56.

expressed powers

powers directly stated in the constitution

57.

Federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states( each state has different rules they have to follow but then there are more rules that the whole country has to follow)

58.

Federalist Paper #10

No faction (group with a common political purpose) or interest group can control or take over power. The 3 branches of government make sure that does not happen

59.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution (wanted a strong government)

60.

Fillbuster

delay a vote on proposed legislation by making long speeches/refusing to stop talking or introducing irrelevant issues.

61.

Gerrymandering

the process of drawing congressional district lines to favor a political party

62.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one provided for them by the government

63.

grassroots lobbying

members of the interest groups meet with government. lettering writing, campaigns and protests etc.

64.

Gridlock

the inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government

65.

66.

67.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

horse race journalism

Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution completely guarantees citizens' right to privacy. (woman had the right to birth control) Election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead rather than on national issues.

House of -435 and they serve 2 years Representatives -elected to represent the peoples interest members -members per state- based on population size of each state -they can introduce bills on new taxes/ revenue they can vote to declare war after president ask them -can start the impeachment process -screen bills and set rules for debate

68.

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

69.

Indirect Democracy

gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives

inherent powers

powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it( executive orders, executive privilege and power to pardon)

70.

71.

interest group

An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy

72.

issue framing

The way that politicians or interest group leaders define an issue when presenting it to others.

73.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

74.

judical review

the right of the Supreme Court to determine if a law violates the Constitution

75.

Judicial Branch

Interprets the laws (reviews/clarify/apply them)

76.

Laissez-faire

"let people do as they please" opposes any government intervention with business

77.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

state law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners

78.

Legislative Branch

Makes laws

79.

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

1971 must not discourage or advance religion and does not entangle the government with religion.

80.

liberal

open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values. (freedom, equality)

81.

Libertarian

opposed to using government to promote either order or equality. (freedom)

82.

Lobbying

to influence or persuade

83.

Majoritarianism

(majority rules.) the government should do what the majority of the people want. citizens are informed, knowledgeable and consistent

84.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial

85.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

86.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" cannot be ban by state or local government

87.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The accused suspects must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police

88.

Necessary and Proper Clause/Elastic Clause

Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers

89.

New Jersey Plan

called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. making the small states equal to the big states

90.

normal distribution

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.(doesn't favor)

91.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

92.

Pluralism

(no to majority rules, listens to informed interest groups) believes citizens are uninformed and inconsistent and will only listen to informed interest groups

93.

plurality

each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate, the candidate who has the most is elected

94.

Political Action Committee (PAC)

an interest group that raises funds and donates to election campaigns

95.

political socialization

The process by which we develop our political attitudes, values, and beliefs.

96.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

108.

Sherbert v. Verner (1963)

a lady declined a job because the job conflicted with her religion. it was forcing her to give up her religious beliefs because they wouldn't give her unemployment benefits

keeping track of government programs; usually done by interest groups

109.

skewed distribution

When the results are not symmetrical (appears to favor one side over the other)

The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.

110.

Social Contract Theory

the people have the right to create/abolish their government

111.

Socialism

system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. (controlled by the government)

112.

structuring principle

early learning tends to provide the basic structure for later learning

113.

suffrage(franchise)

the right to vote

114.

Suffragettes

a woman advocating the right to vote

115.

Super PACs

a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates.( they have a big influence in elections)

116.

Supremacy Clause

Federal law is supreme over state law

117.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students have the right to symbolic speech at school as long as it is not disruptive

118.

Totalitarianism

government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator ( ex. North Korea)

119.

unconventional participation (direct action)

political participation that has unusual or extreme measures. things that gain attention. examples: protests, boycotts, and picketing etc.

120.

Virginia Plan

they paved the way for a new government. This included 3 branches of government: legislature, executive and judicial.

121.

watchdog journalism

Journalism that attempts to hold government officials and institutions accountable for their actions.

122.

what were some of the major weakness of the articles or confederation?

all the 13 states had to agree on amending the articles

97.

Preamble

Introduction to the Constitution, beginning, "We the People of the United States..."

98.

Primary Principle

what is learned first is learned best

99.

program monitoring

100.

Redistricting

101.

repportionment

The reallocation of how many districts each state has

102.

representation

the efforts of elected officials to look out for the interests of those who elect them

103.

Republic/Republicanism

A form of government in which power lies with the people and people exercise their power through elected representatives.

104.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

increased the right to privacy to include the right to an abortion in the first 3 months of the pregnancy

105.

Senate members

-100 members and they serve 6 years -elected for the states interest -members per state- 2 per state -they must confirm appointments for presidential appointments for the supreme court, ambassadors, department bureaucracy etc. -they must confirm any foreign treaties and must be approved by 2/3 vote -holds trials and hears evidence on impeachment. they hold trails and take the evidence from the house of representatives

106.

Separation or powers

government power is divided into 3 branches

107.

Shay's Rebellion

showed the need for a strong central government with the ability to restore order ( showed the weakness of the articles of confederation)...