Title | Ch. 11 Notes - American Pageant Chapter 11 |
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Course | AP United States History |
Institution | High School - USA |
Pages | 5 |
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American Pageant Chapter 11...
Kevin Hou
Chapter 11 Notes
10-30-17
The Jeffersonian ‘Revolution of 1800 Jefferson beats Adams in election and calls this the “Revolution of 1800”. o Tie between Adams and Jefferson but House votes for Jefferson. o Jefferson’s mission was to check government power and to halt the decay of civic virtue under Federalist rule. o Remarkable in the sense that such a new nation could so peacefully transfer power, even with so much tension between political parties. John Adams was the last federalist president. The party completely died when later president Andrew Jackson merged the parties. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Wrote a well phrased inaugural statement that supported unity between federalists and republicans: “we are all federalists, we are all republicans”. o Also pledged “honest-friendship” with all nations without having any alliances. Jefferson frequently reversed the political principles that he championed. o He realized that the theories in textbooks worked out differently in the real world. Democrat-Republican party could not build a loyal base. o Only thing that held them together was hatred of federalists. When the federalist party collapsed, so did the democrat-republicans. Jeffersonian Restraint Jefferson was determined to undo the federalist laws against anti-federalists. o Alien and Sedition Acts expired already and Jeffersonians enacted Naturalization Law of 1802. This reduced the requirement for citizenship from 14 years to 5 years. o Also removed excise taxes Jefferson held onto many Federalist economic programs o Did not change the Bank of United States, funding at par, mild protective tariffs, and allowed federal government to be responsible for states’ debts. o Further cemented gains of Revolution of 1800 by showing that a change in regime did not have to be disastrous for the defeated group, The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 o Created 16 new judgeships and other judicial offices These offices were known as “midnight judges” because Adams reportedly appointed them the midnight before he left office. o Republicans saw this as a federalist effort to “pack” the judicial system to entrench itself in one branch of government. o John Adams appointed John Marshall as chief justice of Supreme Court during his last days in office.
Kevin Hou
Chapter 11 Notes
10-30-17
Marshall was a vigilant federalist. o Even after the federalist party collapsed, Marshall continued to support federalist ideology in the judicial branch. Marbury v. Madison o Federalist “midnight judge” William Marbury sued secretary of State James Madison because Madison was about to fire him. John Marshall dismissed the suit to avoid a direct political showdown. o Marshall magnified power of supreme court. Kentucky resolutions gave States the right to determine the meaning of the constitution but Marshall promoted the idea of “judicial review”- the idea that the supreme court had the last word on the question of constitutionality. o Angry Jefferson tried to impeach Supreme court justice Samuel Chase but the Senate did not have the votes. Set precedent that Supreme Court is independent of other 2 parties and no one since has tried to impeach a Supreme Court justice.
Jefferson, a reluctant Warrior One of Jefferson’s first actions as president was to reduce military to mere police force of 2500 members. o Wanted America to transcend the bloody wars and alliances of Europe. o Republicans distrusted large armies – they were seen as a path to dictatorship. o Jefferson had to face the reality when Tripoli prates informally declared war. Tripolitan War o Tripoli prates informally declared war on U.S. by plundering U.S. merchant ships. “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute”. Jefferson did not want to pay tribute, so he sent the infant navy to the Mediterranean. o Peace treaty was reached in 1805 – U.S. only had to pay 60,000 dollars in ransom money. The Louisiana Godsend Napoleon induced the Spanish to cede the Louisiana area. o Angered Americans because Spain withdrew from Pinckney’s Treaty. Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to negotiate buying New Orleans and some other land. Louisiana Purchase o Napoleon decided to offer the entire Louisiana area due to his loss in Haiti. Haitian revolution squashed Napoleon’s plans to create an American empire.
Kevin Hou
Chapter 11 Notes
10-30-17
o 3 Treaties were signed in 1803 and the U.S. bought the land for 15 million dollars for – 3 cents an acre. o Jefferson wrestled with his Republican base who claimed that the Constitution did not allow for land purchases. Louisiana in the Long View Jefferson wanted to use land for agriculture. Established a precedent for expansion through purchase rather than military conquest and accepting the acquired people as equals rather than subordinate. o French in Louisiana learned that the U.S. government allowed them to continue their Legal code based on French laws. Even today, Louisiana state laws have French origins. Louisiana purchase eliminated the last of the major enemies bordering the country. o Helped the U.S. enter its long-desired isolationist period. Corps of Discovery o Meriwether Louis and William Clark led the Corps of Discovery to explore the new purchase and to establish good relations with Indians in the area. o 2½ year expedition yielded many scientific observations, knowledge about Indians in the area, and resources available. The Aaron Burr Conspiracies Sudden addition of such a large piece of land drew concerns that secession was eminent due to a weak government controlling a large expanse of land. o Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s first term V.P., provoked these fears. Burr joined a group of Federalists and plotted the secession of New England. Alexander Hamilton foiled the plan and Burr challenged him to a duel. Burr killed Hamilton and this destroyed the Federalists’ last hope for effective Federalist leadership. Burr was tried for treason when he tried to launch an attack on Mexico. Chief Justice John Marshall adhered to constitution and said there wasn’t enough evidence for treason. o Burr fled to Europe afterwards. Aaron Burr conspiracies showed that it was one thing to purchase land, but it was another thing to be able to govern it effectively. A Precarious Neutrality England and France went to war in 1803-1814. o England ordered the Orders in Council and France had a similar decree. All ships could not stop at the ports of the opposing country unless they were to stop at the home country (between England and France). Restricted American commerce with both countries.
Kevin Hou
Chapter 11 Notes
10-30-17
o England engaged in impressment again and the Chesapeake affair occurred. A royal frigate demanded the surrender of 4 alleged deserters but the U.S. ship Chesapeake refused. British ship fired into the U.S. ships and killed several Americans. o Jefferson remained Neutral. Embargo Act Congress passed Embargo Act in 1807. This outlawed the export of all goods from U.S. o Goal was to coerce Britain and France into respecting the Neutrality of U.S. and reopening free trade with the U.S. by showing how dependent Europe was on the U.S. England and France did not need the U.S. because south American and other countries were eager to do business with England and France. Angered Americans plunged the U.S. into economic problems. o Illegal trade mushroomed and New England ports fell silent. Congress passed Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 to repeal Embargo Act. o Reopened trade with all other nations except England and France. Embargo Act laid the foundations for modern America’s industrial might. o Factories were erected in New England as shipping was outlawed. Madison’s Gamble James Madison, a democratic-republican, took office after Thomas Jefferson. The Non-Intercourse act expired in 1810 and Congress passed Macon’s Bill No.2. o If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation. o The French struck a deal with the U.S. but neither France nor England stuck to their promises. The U.S. upheld the French deal and re-established the embargo against Britain. This ended U.S. neutrality and was the final step towards war. Tecumseh and the Prophet War Hawks were republicans who wanted the U.S. to go to war with England. Tecumseh and his brother (known as “the Prophet”) gathered together a league of Indians to resist the U.S. o William Henry Harrison gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh’s headquarters. Battle of Tippecanoe o Harrison defeated “The Prophet” and Tecumseh escaped to make an alliance with Britain. Tecumseh would fight with the British in the war of 1812. Mr. Madison’s War James Madison believed war was inevitable: war hawks in the U.S. and hostile British and Indians all pointed towards war.
Kevin Hou
Chapter 11 Notes
10-30-17
Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812 and Congress obliged. Federalists opposed conflict with England. They sympathized with England and did not like the pro-French republicans. o New England was the Federalist stronghold. o The U.S. had to fight 2 enemies: Old England and New England. New England supplied a lot of supplies like foods, gold, and money to England in this time period....