Ch. 12 Notes - American Pageant Chapter 12 PDF

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American Pageant Chapter 12...

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Kevin Hou

Chapter 12 Notes

11-3-17

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended  

British burn down Washington D.C. Battle of New Orleans o Andrew Jackson hailed as a national hero for victory in New Orleans. o Ushered in a wave of nationalism and self-confidence.

Treaty of Ghent  

Russia brought U.S. and Britain together because they didn’t want Britain to be distracted from the French threat. An armistice, both sides agreed to stop fighting and resort conquered territories.

Federal Grievances and the Hartford Convention 

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New England prospered during War of 1812 due to illicit trade with the British in Canada. o Rumors of New England secession circulated. o Federalists constantly voiced their opposition to the war. Hartford Convention (1814) o Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island vented their frustrations and sought redress for their wrongs. o Demanded federal compensation for lost trade, proposed that 2/3 of congress was needed to enforce an embargo, remove the 3/5 clause, limit presidential terms to a single term, and prohibit the election of 2 successive presidents from the same state. o Their demands sank away when news that Jackson had won in New Orleans arrived. o This convention further tarnished the federalist reputation and was the nail in the coffin for the federalist party.

Results of the War of 1812  

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War of 1812 had little impact on the world, but had huge effects on the U.S. Renewed U.S. nationalism and pride and earned the U.S. diplomatic respect. o U.S. industry was sparked by the embargo and non-intercourse acts. o U.S. became self-sufficient during embargo act. Army was expanded to 10,000 men and navy earned respect when they defeated African pirates in Mediterranean.

The “American System” 

American manufacturing took off during self-imposed embargos and after the war, British manufacturers rushed to make up lost market share by offering very low prices.

Kevin Hou

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Chapter 12 Notes

11-3-17

o Tariff of 1816 was first protective tariff in U.S. – 20-25% tax on certain imports. Henry Clay developed “The American System” in 1824. o 3 parts: Strong banking system, protective tariffs, and use of tariff revenue for improved infrastructure. o Designed to knit country together politically and economically. o Democrat-republicans in government struck down government spending on infrastructure because constitution did not mention federal infrastructure spending.  Gave states the responsibilities to maintain infrastructure.

The Era of Good Feelings  

James Monroe was elected president in 1816. He crushed the federalist’s final presidential candidate 183-34. The government was now a one-party rule. Era was described this way because a wave of peace and prosperity occurred in this time period. o Name somewhat of a misnomer because issues of slavery, tariffs, infrastructure, banking, and sectionalism were developing.

The Panic of 1819 

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First national economic panic occurred in 1819 ended the “era of good feelings”. o Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, and soup kitchens. o Caused by the B.U.S.’s over-speculation of frontier lands. Land Act of 1820 was created to try to solve these problems. o Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre,

Slavery and the Sectional Balance  

Sectional balance was balancing the free and slave states when the population boom occurred out west. Missouri passed the Tallmadge amendment. o Stipulated that no slaves shall be brought into Missouri (first state in Louisiana Purchase) and emancipation to children of slaves., o Sowed chaos in southern states because they feared that this would set a precedent for other Louisiana purchase states.

The Missouri Compromise  

Henry Clay’s first of several famous compromises. Northern states won concession that congress could forbid slavery in all remaining territories and Maine was admitted as a free state.

Judicial Nationalism

Kevin Hou  

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Chapter 12 Notes

11-3-17

In a series of court cases, John Marshall cemented the supreme court’s federal authority. o Federal government has more power than state governments. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) o Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the B.U.S. by imposing a tax on its notes. o Marshall deemed the bank constitutional and denied Maryland’s right to tax them. Cohens v. Virginia (1821) o Cohen brothers were accused of illegally selling lottery tickets.  While Virginia government won the case, the supreme court asserted their right to review the decisions of the state supreme courts. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) o New York tried to give a monopoly for waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey.  Marshall reminded them that the Constitution said that the federal government would be responsible for interstate commerce.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses 

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Fletcher v. Peck (1810) o Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 million acres to private speculators.  Marshall slapped them down and reminded them that legislative grant was a contract and the Constitution forbade state laws that impaired contracts. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) o New Hampshire wanted Dartmouth to become a public college, but Dartmouth had its private contract from the era of British rule.  Supreme Court ruled that a contract is a contract and the terms must be upheld. These rulings helped the U.S. establish a stable, nationally uniform environment for business.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida  

British and U.S. agreed to share Oregon territory peacefully. Spanish ceded Florida to U.S. in exchange for U.S. abandonment of claims to Texas.

Monroe Doctrine (1823) 

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In 1823, Britain proposed that the U.S. join them in a declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory and for European monarchs to keep their hands off Latin American republics. Monroe Doctrine supported 2 basic features: noncolonization and nonintervention.

Kevin Hou

Chapter 12 Notes

11-3-17

o Monroe told the European monarchs to keep their monarchal systems out of western hemisphere and in exchange, the U.S. would not intervene on behalf of the Greeks who were fighting for their independence from the Turks....