Ch13 - Lecture notes ch 13 PDF

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Package Title: Testbank Course Title: pap13 Chapter Number: 13

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) Which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial? a) Arachnoid mater b) Dura mater c) Meninx mater d) Pia mater e) Epi mater Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

2) Which of the structures listed below contains cerebrospinal fluid? a) Epidural space b) Subarachnoid space c) Dural space d) Meninx e) Pia mater Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

3) Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of

a) arachnoid mater. b) pia mater. c) dura mater. d) interstitial fluid. e) subdural space. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

Question type: Essay

4) The spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column in an adult. Why? Answer: Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy Solution: During early childhood, both the spinal cord and the vertebral column grow longer as part of overall body growth. Elongation of the spinal cord stops around age four or five but growth of the vertebral column continues. This is why the spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column.

Question type: Multiple Choice

5) What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge? a) Lumbar enlargement b) Filum terminale c) Cauda equina d) Cranial nerve XII e) Cervical enlargement

Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.2 Describe how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

6) Which of the following structures contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs to the CNS? a) Spinal nerves b) Cauda equina c) Anterior root of spinal nerves d) Posterior root of spinal nerves e) Conus medullaris Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.2 Describe how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

7) Which layer of protective connective tissue is the outermost covering surrounding a spinal nerve? a) dura mater b) pia mater c) endoneurium d) perineurium e) epineurium Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.1 Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branching of a spinal nerve. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

8) What types of axons are wrapped in a protective endoneurium? 1. Myelinated 2. Unmyelinated 3. Only dendrites are surrounded by endoneurium a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 1 and 2 e) None of these choices Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.1 Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branching of a spinal nerve. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

9) Spinal nerves 1. Are parts of PNS. 2. connect the CNS to sensors and effectors in all parts of the body. 3. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 & 3 e) 1, 2 & 3 Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.1 Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branching of a spinal nerve. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

10) This division of a spinal nerve reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and serves the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges.

a) Dorsal ramus b) Ventral ramus c) Rami communicantes d) Meningeal branch e) Brachial plexus Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.2 Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

11) Intercostal nerves a) are also known as cervical nerves. b) do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply. c) are found in the C6-T4 area of the vertebral column. d) extend through the sacrum. e) do not exist in humans. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.2 Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

12) A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury? a) Dorsal scapular nerve b) Intercostal nerve c) Lumbar plexus d) Median nerve e) Radial nerve Answer: d Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.2 Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

13) Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception? a) Posterior white column b) Anterior gray horn c) Anterior white column d) Lateral white column e) Dermatome tract Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.1 Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

14) These white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information. a) Ascending tracts b) Descending tracts c) Integration tracts d) Columnar tracts e) Epidural tracts Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.1 Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

15) What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory

2. Motor 3. Integration a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 1 & 2 e) Both 2 & 3 Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.1 Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

16) Another term for the summing of EPSPs and IPSPs in the gray matter of spinal cord is a) refraction. b) facilitation. c) integration. d) adaptation. e) tetany. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.1 Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

17) This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindle

Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.1 Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

18) This type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance. a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindles Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.1 Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

19) Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors body conditions? a) Sensory receptor b) Integrating center c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Interneuron Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

20) Which of the following parts of a reflex arc receives sensory information and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition? a) Sensory receptor b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Integration center Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

21) Which of the following parts of a nervous reflex arc is usually a muscle or gland? a) Sensory receptor b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Integration center Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

22) Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the posterior root ganglion? a) Sensory receptor cell b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Interneuron

Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

23) A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called a a) visceral reflex arc. b) somatic reflex arc. c) polysynaptic reflex arc. d) autonomic reflex arc. e) none of these choices Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

24) A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column? a) Anterior root of spinal nerve b) Posterior root of spinal nerve c) Tectospinal tract d) Central canal e) Lateral reticulospinal tract Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

25) In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. contraction of the agonist muscle. 2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. 3. contraction of the antagonist muscle. 4. relaxation of the agonist muscle. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2 Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

26) In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. contraction of the agonist muscle. 2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. 3. contraction of the antagonist muscle. 4. relaxation of the agonist muscle. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 3 and 4 Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

27) A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called_______ innervation. a) reversal b) relaxed c) representative d) reciprocal e) relegated Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

28) Which of following is NOT a function of the spinal reflexes that use muscle spindles and tendon organs as sensors? a) Awareness of muscle tension in body b) Prevention of damage to muscles c) Protection of spinal nerves d) Prevention of damage to tendons e) Maintenance of muscle tone Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

29) An ipsilateral, intersegmental, spinal somatic reflex will most likely control a) only one flexor muscle on the same side of the body as the sensor. b) many flexor muscles on the same side of the body as the sensor. c) many flexor and extensor muscles on the same side of the body as the sensor. d) many flexor muscles on the opposite side of the body as the sensor.

e) many flexor and extensor muscles on the opposite side of the body as the sensor. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.7 Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc, and the major motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.7.2 Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis. Section Reference 1: 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology

30) A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.1 Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branching of a spinal nerve. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

31) This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk. a) Meningeal branch b) Rami communicantes c) Brachial plexus d) Posterior ramus e) Anterior ramus Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.2 Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.

Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

32) The thoracic nerves are also called the a) brachial nerves. b) lumbar nerves. c) sacral nerves. d) cervical nerves. e) intercostals nerves. Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.2 Describe the components of a spinal nerve, identify the distribution of nerves of the plexuses, and describe the clinical significance of dermatomes. Learning Objective 2: 13.2.2 Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Section Reference 1: 13.2 Spinal Nerves

33) Where is the denticulate ligament?

a) C b) D

c) F d) H e) I Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

34) Where is the subarachnoid space?

a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I Answer: a Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

35) Where is the subdural space?

a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

36) Where is the arachnoid mater?

a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: 13.1 Describe the protective structures and the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord. Learning Objective 2: 13.1.1 Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Section Reference 1: 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy

37) Where is the ...