Chapter 10 Pulmonary system PDF

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Chapter 10 Notes...

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10.1 Word parts of the respiratory system Upper respiratory system: Term

Root

example

Adenoid (resembling a gland)

adenoid/o

adenoidectomy

Tonsil

tonsill/o

Tonsillectomy, tosillitis Tonsil latin for “almond”

Nose

nas/o (latin), rhin/o (greek)

Rhino and ceros “horn nose “

Larynx (voice box)

laryng/o

G is soft when followed by i

Pharynx (throat)

pharyng/o

Pharyngitis, pharyngostenosis

Trachea (windpipe)

trache/o

Tracheotomy, tracheostomy Greek for “rough”

Nose consist of two nostrils (nares), a septum and tube shaped cartilage nside the nostril (turbinates). Laryngopharynx contains the vocal cords (larynx). Nose is very vascular which means it has a lot of blood vessels.

Term

Root

example

Septum

sept/o

Latin for “partition” or “dividing structure” septoplasty, septectomy

Sinus

sin/o, sinus/o

Latin for “hollow” or “cavity”

Air or lungs

pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o

“Lung in the chest”

Lungs

pulmon/o, pneum/o

lobe

Lobo

Main organs with lobesLungs, brain and liver

Bronchus

bronch/o, bronchi/o

Main branches

Bronchiole

bronchiol/o

Alveolus (air sac)

alveol/o

Latin for “hollow” or “cavity”

Lower respiratory system Term

Root

Example

Sternum

stern/o

Rib

cost/o

Chest

thorac/o, pector/o (also pectus), steth/o

Pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs)

pleur/o

Pleuritis

Diaphragm

phren/o

phrenoplegia

Brain

phreno/o

costectomy

Process of respiration Although air begins its journey in the nose and mouth (or/o), the work of breathing actually starts with two sets of muscles: the muscles between the ribs (intercostal) and a horizontal muscle (diaphragm) that lies between the chest and the abdomen. When these muscles shorten (contract), they cause the chest to enlarge, which decreases chest (thoracic) pressure. As a result, air is literally sucked into the lungs.

Term

Root

oxygen

ox/o

Breathing

spir/o, -pnea

Carbon dioxide

capn/o (greek for smoke), carb/o (latin for coal)

example

Spirometry, sleep apnea

10.2 Patient history, problems, complaints Breathing process Term

Definition

Word analysis

Apnea

Cessation of breathing

a/ pnea not/ breathing

Eupnea

good/ normal breathing

eu/ pnea good/ breathing

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing

Bradypnea

Slow breathing

Hypopnea

Shallow breathing

hypo/ pnea under/ breathing

Hyperpnea

Heavy breathing

hyper/ pnea over/ breathing

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing

dys/ pnea bad/ breathing

Orthopnea

Able to breathe only in an upright position

ortho/ pnea straight/ breathing

Hyperventilation

Overbreathing; condition of having too much air flowing in and out of the lungs; leads to hypocapnia

Hyper/ ventil/ ation over/ breathing/ process

Hypoventilation

Under breathing; having too little airflow; leads to hypercapnia

hypo/ venil/ ation under/ breathing/ process

Dysphonia

Bad voice condition (hoarseness)

dys/ phonia bad/ sound/ voice

Epistaxis

Nosebleed

Rhinorrhagia

Excessive blood flow from the nose (another term for a nosebleed)

rhino/ rrhagia nose/ excessive bleeding

Rhinorrhea

Runny nose

rhino/ rrhea nose/ discharge

Bronchospasm

Involuntary contraction of the bronchus

broncho/ spasm bronchus/ involuntary contraction

Phrenospasm

Involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (hiccups)

phreno/ spasm diaphragm/ involuntary contraction

Pleuralgia

Pain in the pleura

pleur/ algia pleura/ pain

Upper respiratory

Lower repsiratory

Pleurodynia

Pain in the pleura

pleuro/ dynia pleura/ pain

Thoracalgia

Chest pain

thorac/ algia chest/ pain

Bronchorrhea

Discharge from the bronchi

broncho/ rrhea bronchus/ discharge

Expectoration

Coughing to spitting material out of the lungs

ex/ pector/ ation out/ chest/ process

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood

hemo/ ptysis blood/ cough

Sputum

Mucus discharged from the lungs by coughing

Latin for “spit”

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Auscultation

Heath care professional using a stethoscope to listen to a patient’s chest

Cyanosis

A bluish color in the skin caused by insufficient oxygen

cyan/ osis blue/ condition

Pectoriloquy

Speaking from the chest; used as a means of finding masses in the lung. The word is audible in areas where fluid or a mass is present

pectori/ loquy chest/ speak

Pectus carinatum

A chest that protrudes like the keel of a ship

Pectus carinatum Chest keel

Pectus excavatum

Chest that is hollowed out

Pectus ex/ cavatum Chest out/ hollowed

Percussion

Striking the body surface to cause vibrations that can help locate fluid buildup in the chest

Retraction

The sucking in of the skin around the bones during

Discharges and secretions

10.3 Observation and discovery

re/ trac/ tion back/ drag/ process

inhalation, happens when someone is in respiratory distress Pathology Atelectasis

Incomplete expansion

a/ tel/ ectasis not/ complete/ expansion

Bronchiectasis

Expansion of the bronchi

bronchi/ ectasis Bronchus / expansion

Caseous necrosis

The death of tissue with a cheeselike appearance

Caseous necr/ osis Cheeselike death/ condition

chylothorax

Chyle in the chest

chylo/ thorax chyle/ chest

Empyema

Pus inside the chest

em/ py/ ema in/ pus/ condition

Hemothorax

Blood in the chest

hemo/ thorax blood/ chest

Phrenoplegia

Paralysis of the diaphragm

phreno/ plegia diaphragm/ paralysis

Phrenoptosis

Drooping of the diaphragm

phreno/ ptosis diaphragm/ drooping condition

Pleural effusion

Fluid pouring out into the pleura

pleur/ al ex/ fusion pleura/ pertaining to out/ pour

Pneumohemothorax

Air and blood in the chest

pneumo/ hemo/ thorax air/ blood/ chest

pneumothorax

Air in the chest

pneumo/ thorax air/ chest

Pulmonary edema

Swelling in the lungs

pulmon/ ary edema Lung/ pertaining to swelling

pyothorax

Pus in the chest

pyo/ thorax pus/ chest

Tracheostenosis

Narrowing of the trachea

tracheo/ stenosis trachea/ narrowing

carb/o, capn/o, ox/o all mean oxygen or carbon dioxide Laboratory data

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Hypercapnia, hypercarbia

Excessive carbon dioxide

hyper/ capn/ ia over/ carbon dioxide/ cond.

Hypocapnia, hypocarbia

Insufficient carbon dioxide

hypo/ carb/ ia under/ carbon dioxide/ cond.

Hypoxemia

Insufficient oxygen in the blood

hypo/ ox/ emia under/ oxygen/ blood cond.

Hypoxia

Insufficient oxygen

hypo/ ox/ ia under/ oxygen/ cond.

Computed tomography

An imaging procedure using a computer to cut

computed/ tomo/ graphy cut/ writing procedure

Pulmonary angiography

An imaging procedure for recording pulmonary blood vessel activity

pulmon/ ary angio/ graphy lung/ pert. to vessel/ writing procedure

Ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ scan)

Scan that tests whether a problem in the lungs is caused by airflow (ventilation) or blood flow (perfusion)

ventil/ ation-per/ fusion breathing/ process-through/ pour

Bronchoscopy

Procedure to look inside the bronchi

broncho/ scopy bronchus/ looking procedure

Capnography

Procedure to record cabon dioxide levels

capno/ graphy Carbon dioxide/ writing procedure

capnometer

Instrument to measure carbon dioxide levels

capno/ meter Carbon dioxide/ instrument to measure

capnography

Laboratory test that measures carbon dioxide in the blood

Endoscope

Instrument to look inside

endo/ scope inside/ instrument to look

Nasopharyngoscope

Instrument to look at the nose and throat

naso/ pharyngo/ scope nose/ throat/ instrument to look

Radiology

Diagnostic procedures

Oximetry

Procedure to measure oxygen levels

oxi/ metry oxygen/ measuring process

Polysomnography

Recording multiple aspects of sleep

poly/ somno/ graphy multiple/ sleep/ procedure

Pulmonary function testing (PFT)

Group of tests used to evaluate the condition and operation of the lungs

Spirometry

Procedure to measure breathing

spiro/ metry breathing/ measuring process

Thoracoscopy

Examination of the chest

thoraco/ scopy chest/ looking procedure

10.4 Assessment Since the upper respiratory tract is the first line of defense, infections in this area are very common. While inflammation in these areas (rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, etc.) is not always caused by infection, infection is certainly the most common cause. The lower respiratory tract has its share of infections as well, with the most common being bronchitisand pneumonia. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder are long-term, noninfectious causes of illness that can be serious. Term

Definition

Word analysis

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx

laryng/ itis larynx/ inflammation

Laryngotracheobronchitis

Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

laryngo/ tracheo/ bronch/ itis larynx/ trachea/ bronchus/ inflammation

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal passages

rhin/ itis nose/ inflammation

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinus

Pansinusitis

Inflammation of all sinuses

pan/ sinus/ itis all/ sinus/ inflammation

Sleep apnea

Condition where the patient ceases to breathe while asleep

a/ pnea not/ breathing

Tonsillitis

Inflammation of the tonsils

tonsill/ itis tonsil/ inflammation

Tracheitis

Inflammation of the trachea

Tracheomalacia

Softening of the trachea

Lower respiratory pathology Asthma

Disease causing episodic narrowing and inflammation of the airway

Bronchiolitis

Inflammation of a bronchiole

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A grouping of lung diseases characterized by the continual blockage of lung passages

chron/ ic ob/ struct/ ive pulmonary/ ary time/ pert. to in the way/ build/ pert. to lung/ pert. to

Cystic fibrosis

A disease causing thick mucus build up in the lung and pancreas, named after the changes it causes to the lungs

cyst/ ic fibr/ osis cyst/ pert. to fiber/ condition

Diaphragmatocele

Hernia of the diaphragm

diaphragmato/ cele diaphragm/ pouch/ tumor/ hernia

Emphysema

Disease that causes the alveoli to lose elasticity; emphysema patients can inhale but have difficulty exhaling.

Obstructive lung disorder

A lung disorder caused by blockage

ob/ struct/ ive lung disorder In the way/ build/ pert. to

Pleuritis

Inflammation of the pleura

pleur/ itis pleura/ inflammation

Pleurisy

Another word for pleuritis

pneumatocele

Hernia of the lung

pneumato/ cele lung/ pouch/ tumor/ hernia

Pneumoconiosis

Lung condition caused by dust

pneumo/ coni/ osis lung/ dust/ condition

Pneumonia

A lung condition

pneumon/ ia lung/ condiiton

Pneumonitis

Inflammation of the lung

bronchiol/ itis bronchiole/ inflammation

Pulmonary embolism

Blockage in the pulmonary blood supply

pulmon/ ary embol/ ism lung/ pert. to embolus/ cond.

Pulmonary neoplasm

New growth (tumor) in the lung

pulmon/ ary neo/ plasm lung/ pert to new/ formation

Restrictive lung disorder

Lung disorder caused by the limiting of air into the lungs

re/ strict/ ive lung disorder back/ bind/ tie pert. to

Bronchiogenic carcinoma

Cancerous tumor originating in the bronchi

bronchio/ genic carcin/ oma bronchus/ beginning in cancer/ tumor

Mesothelioma

A cancerous tumor of the mesothelial cells lining the lungs

meso/ theli/ oma middle/ nipple/ tumor

Oncology

10.5 Plan Pharmacology

Term

Word Analysis

antitussive

anti

an-tee-TUSS-iv

against / cough / agent

Definition a drug that prevents coughing

©PhotoDisc/Getty Images RF

bronchodilator

broncho / dilator

bron-koh-DAI-lay-tor

bronchus / expander

/ tuss / ive

Definition a drug that expands the walls of the bronchi

expectorant eks-PEK-tor-ant

ex / pector / ant

Definition a drug that encourages the expulsion of material from the lungs

out / chest

/ agent

mucolytic

Page 610muco / lytic

myoo-koh-LIT-ik

mucus / breakdown agent

Definition a drug that aids in the breakdown of mucus

nebulizer

from the Latin word nebula,meaning "cloud"

neh-byoo-LAI-zir ©Stockbyte/Punchstock RF Definition a machine that administers respiratory medication by creating a “cloud” or mist that is inhaled by the patient

upper respiratory procedures

Term

Word Analysis

adenoidectomy

adenoid / ectomy

a-din-oid-EK-toe-mee

adenoid

/ removal

Definition removal of the adenoids

intubate

in / tub / ate

IN-tub-ate

in / tube / process

Definition to insert a breathing tube

from the mouth down into the trachea, to provide breathing support

laryngectomy

laryng / ectomy

la-rin-JEK-toe-mee

larynx

/ removal

Definition removal of the larynx

laryngoplasty

laryngo / plasty

la-rin-GO-plas-tee

larynx

/ reconstruction

Definition reconstruction of the larynx

palatoplasty

palato / plasty

pal-e-toe-PLAS-tee

palate

/ reconstruction

Definition reconstruction of a palate

septoplasty

septo / plasty

sep-toe-PLAS-tee

septum / reconstruction

Definition reconstruction of a septum

tonsillectomy

tonsill / ectomy

ton-sil-EK-toe-mee

tonsil

/ removal

Definition removal of the tonsils

tracheostomy

tracheo / stomy

tray-kee-AH-stoh-mee

trachea

/ opening

Definition creation of an opening in the trachea

tracheotomy

Page 611tracheo / tomy

tray-kee-AH-toe-mee

trachea

/ incision

Definition incision into the trachea

endotracheal intubation

endo / trache / al ation

in / tub /

en-doh-TRAY-kee-al in-too-BAY-shun Definition insertion of a tube inside the trachea

inside / trachea tube / process

/ pertaining to in /

lower respiratory procedures

Term

Word Analysis

bronchoplasty

broncho / plasty

bron-koh-PLAS-tee

bronchus / reconstruction

Definition reconstruction of a bronchus

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

cardio / pulmon / ary

kar-dee-oh-pul-mon-AIR-ee ree-sus-iTAY-shun

lung re

Definition method of artificially maintaining blood flow and airflow when breathing and pulse have stopped

/ heart / suscit

/ pertaining to / ation

again / awaken / process

Note: Suscit is formed by adding the prefix sub- to the Latin word cito,which means "to move." Suscit = sub + cito = to move from beneath,and thus "to raise" or "awaken." The cito root is found in other words like excite, incite, and recite.

©ERproductions Ltd/Blend Images LLC RF

lobectomy

lob / ectomy

loh-BEK-toe-mee

lobe / removal

Definition removal of a lobe

©Stockbyte/Punchstock RF

pleuropexy

pleuro / pexy

ploo-rah-PEK-see

pleura / fixation

Definition reattachment of the pleura

pneumonectomy

pneumon / ectomy

new-mon-EK-toe-mee

lung

Definition removal of a lung

/ removal

thoracentesis

thora [co] / centesis

thor-a-sin-TEE-sis

chest

/ puncture

Definition puncture of the chest Note: This word drops a syllable from thoracocentesis to make it easier to say.

thoracocentesis

thoraco / centesis

thor-a-koh-sin-TEE-sis

chest

/ puncture

Definition puncture of the chest

thoracoplasty

thor...