Chapter 12 - Summary Adolescence PDF

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internalizing externalizing disorders...

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Chapter 12  a c h i e v e me n tc on c e r n st hed e v e l o pme n to fmo t i v e s , c a p a bi l i t i e s ,i nt e r e s t s ,a nd

b e h a vi ort ha tha v et od owi t hpe r f or ma nc ei ne v a l u a t i v es i t u a t i o ns . 

Achievement and adolescent issues o a d ol e s c e n c ei sat i meofpr e p a r a t i o nf ora d u l two r kr o l e sr a i s e sq u e s t i on s

a b outt hena t ur eoft hepr e p a r a t i o ny ou n gp e op l er e c e i v ea ndt h epr o c e s s e s t hr o u ghwhi c ht he ys o r tt he ms e l v e s( ora r es o r t e d )i n t ot h eo c c upa t i ona l r o l e st h a tma yi n flu e nc et h er e ma i n-d e roft he i rl i v e s . o b e g i nt oe v a l ua t et he i ro c c up a t i on a lc h oi c e si nl i ghto ft he i rt a l e nt s ,a bi l i t i e s , o ppo r t un i t i e s ,a ndt hepe r f or ma nc eoft ho s ea r o undt he m. o e d uc a t i ona la ndo c c up a t i on a lde c i s i onsma d ed ur i n ga d o l e s c e nc ea r emo r e n ume r o us ,a n dt h ec o n s e q ue nc e so fs uc hd e c i s i on smor es e r i ou s ,t h a nt h e d e c i s i on sma d ed u r i n gc hi l d hoo d 

Puberty and achievement o t r a n s i t i oni n t os e c on da r ys c ho oli su s ua l l yma r k e db yat e mpo r a r yd r o pi n

i nd i v i dua l s ’mo t i v a t i ont oa c h i e v e ,a n ds o meo ft hi sma yb er e l a t e dt o p ube r t y ,b e c a u s ei ti n t r o duc e sn e wi s s u e s( l i k ed a t i n ga n ds e x)i n t ot he a d ol e s c e n t ’ smi xo fc o nc e r n s . 

Cognitive change and achievement o n otu n t i la dol e s c e n c ea r ei n di vi dua l sc o g ni t i v e l yc a pa b l eofs e e i n gt hel o n g -

t e r mc on s e q ue nc e so ft h e i re duc a t i on a la ndo c c u pa -t i on a lc h oi c e so rof r e a l i s t i c a l l yc on s i d e r i n gt h er a n g eofs c h ol a s t i ca ndwo r kpo s s i bi l i t i e so p e n t ot he m c a nt hi nki nh ypot he t i c a lt e r msl i k e“ s houl dIg ot oc ol l a g eo ri fIdon ’ tc a n Iwor kt he ni ns t e a d? Soc i alr ol e sandac hi e v e me nt o i mpo r t a n te duc a t i on a la ndoc c upa t i ona ld e c i s i o n sa r ema d e ,a n ds oc i e t yh a s 

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s t r uc t ur e di t se d uc a t i on a la ndwor ki n s t i t ut i o nsa c -c or di n g l y . 

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Ac hi e v e me ntmo t i v at i on o Ac hi e v e me nti sl i nke dt omot i va t i on o Thos ewh owor kha r de ra ndha v emor edr i v ewi l la c hi e v ea nddobe t t e r Fe aroff ai l ur e o Whe ni ti n v ol v e sa ne a s yt a s k,a nxi e t yhe l pst of oc usa t t e nt i onbutamode r a t e a mountofa nxi e t yc a ni mpr o v epe r f or ma nc eb yi nc r e a s i n gone ’ sc onc e nt r a t i on o a d ol e s c e n t ’ sa c h i e v e me n tmo t i v a t i ona n dhe ro rhi sf e a ro ff a i l ur ewor k

t o g e t h e rt op ul lt hei n di v i du a lt o wa r d( orr e p e lt hei ndi vi dua lf r o m) a c hi e v e me nts i t u-a t i on s . o unde r ac hi e v e r s —s t ud e n t swh os eg r a de sa r ef a rl o we rt ha no newo ul d e xpe c tba s e do nt he i ri n t e l l e c t ua la b i l i t y . 

Se l f ha ndi c appi ng o s e l f ha ndi c a ppi ngs t r a t e gi e s —s u c ha sj oki n ga r ou ndi nc l a s s ,p r oc r a s t i na -

t i o n,t u r ni n gi ni nc o mp l e t ehome wo r k,o rp a r t yi n ge x c e s s i v e l yt h en i g ht

b e f o r eab i ge x a m—a sawa yofs e l f pr ot e c t i on 

Ac hi e v e me ntGoalor i e nt at i on o ma s t e r ymo t i v a t i o n( s i mi l a rt oi n t r i ns i cmo t i v a -t i o n)  be c aus eo ft hepl e as ur et he yg e tf r o mt het as k o pe r f or ma nc emo t i v a t i on( s i mi l a rt oe x t r i ns i cmo t i v a t i on)  be c aus eoft her e wa r dt hatc ome sf r om t het as k o ma s t e r yor i e nt a t i onpe r f or mb e t t e ri ns c h oolt ha nt ho s ewho s emo t i v a t i oni s

ma i nl yd r i v e nb ype r f or ma n c eg oa l s ,b e c a u s ei n t r i ns i c a l l ymo t i v a t e d i nd i v i dua l sa r emo r ec on fid e nta b o utt he i ra bi l i t ya ndmo r el i k e l yt op e r s i s t i nt hef a c eo ff a i l ur e o i ft he yha v eat e a c he rwhoa l wa y sgi v e spi z z apa r t yf ordoi n gwe l lorpuni s he snot doi nghome wor korc ons t a nt l yc he c kt he ny ouha v eor i e nt e dmot i v a t i ona r el e s s

l i k e l yt od owe l li ns c h oo l . 

Thei mpor t anc eofbe l i e f s o a d ol e s c e n t s ’c ho i c e so fwha tc l a s s e st ot a k ei ns c h oo la r ei n flu e nc e db yt he i r

b e l i e f sa bou tt h e i ra bi l -i t i e s .  

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Gooda tma t hmor el i k e l yt ot a kema t hc l a s s e s

i n flu e nc e ss u bs e q ue nta c hi e v e me n t( s t ud e nt swhot a k emor e c ha l l e n gi n gma t hc l a s s e sp e r f or mb e t t e ro nma t ht e s t s ) ,a nd a c hi e v e me nt ,i nt ur n ,i nflu e n c e ss t ude n t s ’be -l i e f sa bou tt h e i r a b i l i t i e s( s t ude n t swh odowe l lo nma t ht e s t sc omet os e et he ms e l v e s a sbe t t e rma t hs t u de n t s )

St e r e ot ypet hr e at o Wh e ns t u de nt sa r et o l dt ha tme m-be r soft h e i re t h ni cgr ou pu s u a l l y

p e r f or mpoo r l yo nap a r t i c u l a rt e s t( f ore x a mpl e ,b e f or et het e s ti sa dmi ni s t e r e d,s t ude n t sa r et ol dt ha tpr e vi ouss t u di e sha v es ho wnt ha tme mb e r so f t he i re t hn i cg r o updono ts c o r ea swe l la so t he rs t u de n t s ) ,t he i rp e r f o r ma nc e a c t ua l l ys uffe r s ,whe r e a st her e v e r s ei st r u ewhe ns t ud e nt sa r et o l dt h a t me mbe r soft he i re t hn i cgr ou pu s ua l l yp e r f o r mb e t t e rt h a not he r s o a d ol e s c e n t sbe l i e v ewi d e l yhe l ds t e r e ot ype sa b oute t hn i cors e xdi ffe r e nc e s i na bi l i t y( f ore x a mpl e ,t ha tb o y sa r ej u s tb e t t e ra tma t ht ha ngi r l s   

e nha nc e sofde pr e s s e spe r f or ma nc e

Oba mae ffe c t ”ha n gi n gv i e wsofma l ea ndf e ma l ei nt e l l e c t ua la bi l i t y h a v ea ffe c t e da d ol e s -c e ntgi r l s ’t e s tp e r f or ma nc e

Be l i e f sabouti nt e l l i ge nc e o e ffe c t e db y o wh e t he ri n t e l l i g e nc ei st hou ghto fa ss o me t hi n gt ha ti sfix e dora ss o me t h i n g

t ha ti sc h a n g e a bl e o wh e t he rt h es t ud e nti so r i e nt e dmor et o wa r dpe r f or ma n c eo rma s t e r y o ( s e l f e ffic a c y )wh e t h e rt hes t ude n ti sc o nfid e n ta bo uthi so rh e ra bi l i t i e s , o I ft h e ybe l i e v et h e i ri n t e l l e gi nc ei sfix e dt h e ni ft he ya r ec onfide n ta bou t t he i ra b i l i t i e s ,t he yt e n dt owor kh a r da n dt os e e ko utc ha l l e n g e s .I ft he ya r e

n otc onfide ntt he yt e n dt og i v eupe a s i l ya ndt of e e lh e l p -l e s s .  Or i e nt e dt o war dspe r f or manc e o Thos ewhot hi nki nt e l l i g e nc ei sma l l e a bl ea r ee x t r i n s i c a l l ymot i v a t e d ;f ort h e m, s a t -i s f a c t i onc ome sf r om ma s t e r i n gt h ema t e r i a l ,n o ts i m-p l yf r om g a i ni n g ag o ode v a l ua t i o n 

 Or i e nt e dt o war dsl e ar ni ng Thei mpor t anc eofc ont e xt o Wh e nc l a s s r o om c o nd i -t i o nsc h a n g es ot ha tp e r f or ma nc ebe c o me smo r e

i mpo r t a n tt ha nl e a r n i n g ,s t ud e nt s ’mo t i v e sa ndbe l i e f sc h a n g ea sar e s ul t o ma k es t ud e nt smo r ee xt r i n s i c a l l ymo t i v a t e d ,mo r ei n s e -c ur ea bo utt he i r

a b i l i t i e s ,mor eh e s i t a n tt oc h a l l e n g et he ms e l v e s ,a n dl e s sl i k e l yt oa s kf or h e l pt oi mp r o v e o c l a s s r oo msi nwh i c ht e a c he r sa r ev e r yp e r f o r ma n c e -o r i e n t e d( r a t h e rt h a n ma s t e r y or i e nt e d ) ,s t ude n t s ,o na v e r a g e ,f e e lmo r ea l i e n a t e df r o ms c h oo l , h a v el o we rf e e l i n g so fs e l f e ffic a c y ,a n da r emo r el i k e l yt oe n g a g ei ns e l f h a ndi c a p pi n gb e h a v i o r 

At t r i but i onsf ors uc c e s s o Ac hi e v e me ntat t r i but i ons-e x pl a na t i o nst ha ti n di vi dua l sg i v ef ort he i r o

o o

o  

s u c c e s so rf a i l u r ei n flu e nc et h e i rpe r f or ma nc e i nd i v i dua l sa t t r i b ut et he i rp e r f o r ma nc et oac o mbi na t i o no ff ourf a c t o r s : a b i l i t y ,e ffo r t ,t a s kdi ffic ul t y ,a ndl u c k .  i nt e r n a lc a u s e ss u c ha st he i ra bi l i t yore ffo r t ,t he ya r emo r el i k e l yt o a p pr oa c hf ut u r et a s k sc onfide nt l ya ndwi t hs e l f a s s ur a n c e  e xt e r n a lf a c t o r sout s i d et he i rc on t r o l ,s uc ha sl u c ko ra ne a s yt a s k, t he ya r emo r el i k e l yt or e ma i nu n s u r eo ft h e i ra bi l i t i e s Wh e ni n di v i du a l sa t -t r i bu t et he i rf a i l ur e st oal a c ko fe ffor t ,t h e ya r emo r e l i k e l yt ot r yh a r de ronf u t u r et a s ks i nd i v i dua l swhoa t t r i b ut et he i rf a i l u r et of a c t o r st h a tt he yf e e lc a n no tb e c ha n g e d( s u c ha sb a dl u c k ,l a c ko fi n t e l l i g e nc e ,o rt a s kd i ffic ul t y )a r emo r e l i k e l yt of e e lh e l pl e s sa ndt oe x e r tl e s se ffo r ti ns u b s e q ue n ts i t ua t i o ns . l e ar ne dhe l p-l e s s ne s s :t hebe l i e ft h a tf a i l u r ei si n e vi t a bl e

 be i ngt ol dy oua r es t upi d Dr opi nmot i v at i ondur i ngt het r ans i t i oni nt os e c ondar ys c hool o El e me nt a r yt a l ksa boutma s t e r i ngbuthi ghs c hoolt a l ksa boutt a s kor i e nt a t i on Thei nflue nc eoft hehomee nvi r onme nt o d i r e c t l yr e l a t e dt ot he i rp a r e nt s ’v a l u e sa nde xp e c t a t i on s o p a r e n t swh oe nc o ur a g es c ho ols u c c e s ss e thi ghe rs t a nda r dsf ort he i rc h i l d’ s

s c hoo lpe r f o r ma nc ea ndho me wo r k,a n dt he yh a v eh i ghe ra s p i r a t i on sf or t he i rc hi l d ,wh i c h ,i nt ur n ,c o n-t r i bu t et os c h ools u c c e s s o pa r e nt swhoe x c pe c tal otme a nsa dol e s c e nt swi l la c c pe c tal otf r omt he ms e l v e s o p a r e n t swh oe nc o ur a g es c ho ols u c c e s sa l s oh a v ev a l u e st h a ta r ec on s i s t e nt

wi t hd oi n gwe l li ns c ho ol ,a n dt he ys t r u c t u r et heho mee n vi r o nme ntt o

s u ppo r ta c a de mi cpu r s ui t ss ot h a tt heme s s a g e sc h i l dr e nr e c e i v ef r o mt he i r t e a c he r sa r ee c h oe da th o me o p a r e n t swh oe nc o ur a g es u c c e s sa r el i k e l yt ob emor ei n v ol v e di nt he i r c hi l d ’ se du c a t i o n—mor el i k e l yt oa t t e nds c ho olpr o gr a ms ,he l pi nc ou r s e s e l e c -t i on ,ma i nt a i ni nt e r e s ti ns c h oola c t i v i t i e sa n da s s i g n -me n t s ,a n dt he l i k e —a l lofwh i c hc on t r i but et os t u de nt s ’s u c c e s s 

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Aut hor i t a t i v epar e nt i ng o e xt r e mep a r e nt a lp e r mi s -s i v e ne s s ,n ota ut h or i t a r i a ni s m,i sa s s oc i a t e dwi t h

h i g h e rr a t e sofd r op pi n gouto fs c h oo l o a u t ho r i t a t i v ep a r e nt i n gp r omot e st hede v e l o pme nto fah e a l t h ya c hi e v e me nt o r i e nt a t i on—i nc l ud i n ga ne m-p ha s i sonma s t e r ya ndah e a l t h i e r a t t r i bu t i ona ls t y l e — whi c h ,i nt ur n ,e nh a n c e sa d o l e s c e nts c hoo l p e r f or ma n c ea n da r emo r ei n v o l v e di nt he i rc hi l d’ sa c t i vi t y Thequa l i t yo ft heho mee nv i r onme nt o t e l e v i s i on ,di c t i o na r y ,e n c y c l ope d i a ,ne ws p a pe r ,v a c u um c l e a n e r ,a n do t he r i nd i c a t or soff a mi l yi n c o me —i smo r es t r on g l yc or r e l a t e dwi t hy ou n g s t e r s ’ l e v e lofa c a d e mi ca c h i e v e me n tt h a ni st h eq u a l i t yoft h ep h y s i c a lf a c i l i t yof t hes c h oolt he ya t t e nd ,t heba c k gr o unda ndt r a i ni n goft he i rt e a c he r s ,o rt h e l e v e loft e a c he r s ’s a l a -r i e sp a i db yt hes c h ooldi s t r i c t c ul t ur alc api t al —b ye xp os i n gt h ea d ol e s c e n tt oa r t ,mus i c ,l i t e r a t u r e ,a n d s of or t h —e x e r t sapos i t i v ei mp a c tona c h i e v e me nta bo v ea n db e y o ndt he e ffe c t so ft hepa r -e n t s ’o wnl e v e lofe du c a t i o n s o c i a lc api t al —t h es u p por t ,e n c ou r a g e me n t ,a n di n v ol v e me nto fa du l t s n e c e s s a r yt of a c i l i t a t ey ou n g s t e r s ’s u c c e s si ns c ho ol s t ude n t swh oc a nd r a wo nr e s o ur c e spr o vi de dno ton l yb yt hef a mi l y ,b utb y f r i e nds ,me n-t o r s ,a n dt e a c h e r s ,s t a ndaf a rb e t t e rc h a nc eofs uc c e e d -i n gi ns c ho ol a d ol e s c e n t sgr o wi n gupi np o orn e i ghb or hoo dsa c h i e v el e s si st ha tt he ya r eo f t e n s u r r o und e db ype e r swh oa r ed i s e n g a g e df r om s c ho ol s t ude n t swi t hb e s tf r i e nd swhoa c hi e v eh i g hg r a de si ns c ho ola r emor el i k e l yt o s h o wi mpr o v e me n t si nt he i ro wngr a d e st h a na r es t u de n t swh obe gi na ts i mi l a r l e v e l sofa c h i e v e me ntbutwh os ef r i e nd sa r eno thi g ha c hi e v -e r s . Educ a t i o na lac hi e v e me nt o s c ho olpe r f o r ma nc e( t h egr a de ss t ud e nt se a r ni ns c hoo l ) , o a c ade mi cac hi e v e me nt( t h e i rp e r f or -ma n c eons t a nda r di z e dt e s t s ) ,o r e duc a t i o na la t t a i n-me nt( t hen u mb e ro fy e a r so fs c hoo l i n gt h e yc omp l e t e ) o Gr a de s , f o re x a mpl e ,a r ei n flu e nc e db yt e a c h e r s ’j u d g -me n t so fs t u de n t s ’ ma s t e r yoft hema t e r i a l ,a ndt he s ej ud gme n t sma yb ei n flu e nc e db y t e a c he r s ’e v a l ua t i onso fs t ude n t s ’e ffo r t sa ndbe h a v i o r si nt hec l a s s r o om o Twoa dol e s c e nt sma yh a v es i mi l a rgr a dep o i n ta v e r a g e s ,b uti fonec ome s f r om apo orf a mi l ya ndc a n no ta ffor dt og ot oc ol l e g e ,t het wowi l lha v e d i ffe r e ntl e v e l sofe duc a -t i ona la t t a i nme nt .

 Ahe ads t a r tf ort hemo r eafflue nt o Ado l e s c e n t swh oc omef r o ml o we rs oc i oe c o nomi cl e v e l sa r emor el i k e l yt o s c o r el o we rt ha nt he i rmo r ea d v a nt a g e dp e e r so ns t a nda r di z e dt e s t so f a c hi e v e me nt o Po o rBl a c ks t u de n t swh ol i v ei nne i ghb or h ood swi t har e l a -t i v e l yhi ghe r p r o por t i ono fmi dd l e c l a s sne i g h bor sp l a c emo r ev a l ueo ne d uc a t i ona n dt r y h a r d e ri ns c hoo lt h a nc omp a r a b l yp oors t ud e nt swh ol i v ei nd i s a d v a n -t a g e d n e i g h bor h ood s o e d uc a t i ona la c h i e v e me nti st h a tc hi l dr e nf r om l o we rs o -c i o e c on omi cl e v e l s a r emo r el i k e l yt oe nt e re l e me nt a r ys c h oo ls c or i n gl o wo nt e s t sofb a s i c a c a de mi cc o mpe -t e n c e o b e t t e rh e a l t hc a r ea ndbe t t e rn ut r i t i o n  Ear l yi nt e r v e nt i o n o i nt e r v e nt i onswe r et a r g e t e da ti mpr o vi n gt hec h i l dr e n ’ ss c ho ols ki l l sa n da t s t r e n gt he n i n gt hel i nksb e t we e np a r -e nt sa n dt he i rc hi l d’ ss c hoo l o Lon g t e r me v a l ua t i o nss h o wt ha ti n di v i du a l swh op a r t i c i pa t e di npr e s c ho ol i nt e r v e nt i ons( wi t ho rwi t h outp a r t i c i pa t i oni ne l e me nt a r ys c ho ol i nt e r v e nt i ons )p e r -f or ms i g ni fic a n t l yb e t t e ri ns c h ooldur i n ga dol e s c e n c e t ha nt ho s ewhod i dn o t o Onl yg o ods ho r tt e r m  Pa r e nt ali nv ol v e me nt o Mi dd l e -a ndupp e r mi d dl e c l a s spa r e nt sa r ea l s omor el i k e l yt oh a v e i nf o r ma t i ona bo utt he i rc h i l d’ ss c ho ol ,t ob er e s pon s i v et ot he i rc h i l d’ s s c hoo lpr obl e ms ,a ndt oh e l ps e l e c tmor er i g or ousc o ur s e sf ort h e i rc h i l dt o t a k e o Be c a u s ea d ol e s c e nt swh os epa r e nt sa r ei n v ol v e di nt he i rs c ho ol i n gp e r f or m b e t t e rt h a nt ho s ewho s epa r e n t sa r eno ti n v ol v e d,y oun g s t e r sf r om hi gh e r s o c i a lc l a s s e sma ya c h i e v emor ei ns c h oolt ha nt he i rl e s sa d v a nt a g e dp e e r s i npa r tb e c a u s eoft he i rp a r e nt s ’mo r ea c t i v ei n v ol v e me  Et hni c i t y o Bl a c ka ndHi s p a n i cs t u de n t s —v i r t ua l l yh o we v e ri n de x e d —l a g sb e h i ndt h a t o fWh i t es t ud e nt s ,a n da l lt h r e eg r o upsa c h i e v el e s si ns c ho olt ha nd oAs i a n s t ude n t s .  Fa l s eo pt i mi s mr a t he rt hanr e a l i s t i cpe s s i mi s m o e v e nt h ou g ht he yh a v eh i g ha s pi r a t i o nsi nt hea b-s t r a c t ,ma n ymi n or i t y y out hd ono tbe l i e v et h a te d u c a -t i on a ls uc c e s swi l lh a v es u b s t a nt i a l o c c u pa t i ona lp a y offf ort h e m,b e c a u s ed i s c r i mi na t i ona n dpr e j ud i c ewi l l l i mi tt he i ra c t u a lop por t uni t i e s o I ti sno tt r u e ,h o we v e r ,t h a tBl a c ko rHi s pa ni cy o un g s t e r sa r emo r el i k e l y t ha not he ra dol e s c e n t st ob e l i e v et h a tt he i ro pp or t u ni t i e sf o rs u c -c e s sa r e b l o c k e d

o s o mer e s e a r c hs u g g e s t st h a tb e l i e f sa b o utt hel i k e l i hoo do ff u -t ur e d i s c r i mi na t i o nma ymo t i v a t ea dol e s c e n t st ope r -f o r mb e t t e ri ns c ho ol o As i a ny ou n g s t e r sn o to nl ybe l i e v ei nt hev a l ueo fs c h oo ls u c c e s sb u ta l s oa r e v e r ya nxi ou sa b ou tt hepo s s i bl en e g -a t i v er e p e r c us s i o nso fno tdoi n gwe l li n s c hoo l ,i nt e r msofbo t hoc c u p a t i on a ls uc c e s sa ndt he i rp a r e nt s ’d i s a pp oi nt me nt  Thebur de nor“a c t i ngwhi t e ” o e t hn i cmi no r i t ys t ude n t su n de r p e r f o r mi ns c h oolbe c a us et h e ya r e s t i g ma t i z e df or“ a c t i n gWh i t e ”i ft h e yt r yt od owe l la nd,a sac on s e q ue nc e , d e v e l o pa n“ opp os i t i ona l ”i d e nt i t yt ha ti sh o s t i l et odoi n gwe l li ns c ho ol  e t hni cdi ffe r e nc e si nbe l i e f s o As i a nc ul t u r e st e n dt opl a c emo r ee mpha s i sone ffor tt ha nona bi l i t yi n e xpl a i n -i n gs c h ools uc c e s sa n da r emo r el i k e l yt ob e l i e v et ha ta l ls t ude n t s h a v et h ec a pa c i t yt os uc c e e d  Thes uc c e s so fi mmi gr ant s o t he r ea r ed i ffe r e nc e si ne duc a t i ona la c h i e v e me n ta mon gy ou n g -s t e r sf r o m d i ffe r e ntc o u nt r i e sofo r i g i nwh oma yb ec l a s s i fie dt o g e t he rb yr e s e a r c he r s i nt ot h es a mel a r g e re t h ni cgr ou pf orp u r pos e so fs t a t i s t i c a lc o mpa r i s on . o o r e i g n bor na dol e s c e n t s ,a swe l la st hos ewh oa r ec h i l dr e no fi mmi g r a nt s , t e ndt oa c hi e v emo r ei ns c ho olt ha nd omi no r i t yy ou n g s t e r swh oa r es e c on do rt hi r d -g e ne r a t i onAme r i c a n s o wi t hi na l le t h ni cgr ou ps ,s t ude n t sa c h i e v emo r ewh e nt he yf e e las e ns eof b e l o n g i n gt ot he i rs c h ool ,whe nt h e ys e et hec on ne c t i onb e t we e na c a d e mi c a c c om-p l i s h me n ta ndf u t u r es u c c e s s ,wh e nt he i rf r i e nd sa n dpa r e nt sv a l ue a n ds upp or te d u c a t i o na la c hi e v e me n t ,a n dwh e nt he i rp a r e nt sa r ee ffe c t i v e mon i t o r so ft h e i rc h i l d r e n ’ sbe h a v i o ra nds c h ool i n g 

Mor es c hool i ng ,butl e s sl e ar ni ng

o a l t h ou ghmo r es t u de n t sa r es t a y i n gi ns c ho oll o n g e r ,t he ya r eno tne c e s s a r i l y l e a r n i n gmo r e . 

I nt e r na t i onalc ompe t i t i ons

o Mo r ei nt e r e s t i ng l y ,t heg apb e t we e nAme r i c a ns t ude nt s ’p e r f o r manc eand t hato fs t ud e nt sf r o m ot he rc ount r i e swi d e nsast he ymo v ef r o me l e me nt a r yt omi dd l et ohi g hs c hoo l . o t hatt e a c he r sa r enots pe nd i nge no ug ht i meo nb as i ci ns t r uc t i oni nt he c l...