Chapter 13-01 - Pearson Homework PDF

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Pearson Homework...

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Chapter 13-01 Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, November 30, 2021 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Building Vocabulary: Classifying the Diversity of Life Can you match the following terms about the diversity of life to their descriptions?

Part A Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. ANSWER:

Reset

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1. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are separated into two domains , Bacteria and Archaea.

2. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.

3. Most of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in extreme environments, such as salty lakes.

4. All organisms with eukaryotic cells are grouped in domain Eukarya .

5. Protists are a diverse collection of mostly single-celled eukaryotes, which are sorted into several kingdoms to reflect their evolutionary relationships. 6. Kingdom Plantae

7. Kingdom Fungi

consists of multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis.

includes eukaryotic organisms that mostly decompose organic wastes and

absorb nutrients into their cells. 8. Kingdom Animalia

consists of multicellular eukaryotes that obtain their food by ingesting (eating)

other organisms.

Correct

HHMI Video: The Origin of Species: The Making of a Theory Watch this video and then answer the questions.

Part A When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species? ANSWER:

Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. Most scientists thought species had been created in their current forms and were unchangeable, but Darwin believed in a natural origin of species. Most scientists, including Darwin, thought species were the product of natural processes and changed over time. Most scientists thought species were the product of natural processes, but Darwin had different ideas.

Correct Special creation was the prevailing idea of the time. Darwin, like most other scientists, began his journey believing species were unchanging and specially created by God.

Part B Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals? Select all that apply. ANSWER: The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live. Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils. Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas.

Correct Darwin puzzled over why he found fossils of extinct animals in places where he found similar, living animals. Eventually, these observations supported his idea that today’s species descend from older, extinct species.

Part C After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent?

Select all that apply. ANSWER:

Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. All species are linked to one another by common ancestry. Species are the product of special creation by God and not subject to natural laws. Species are constant and unchanging in their present forms. All species are connected to one another in a “family tree.”

Correct Darwin’s simple drawing shows his thinking: any species can give rise to new species with different features. This is what Darwin described as “descent with modification.”

Part D Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions? Select all that apply. ANSWER: Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered.

Correct The resemblance between species and the variations among distant species led both Darwin and Wallace to conclude that species change over time.

Part E What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?

ANSWER:

Manatee finger bones must have an important function, necessary for the animal’s survival. Manatees’ arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals. Manatees were specially created in their current form, including the arm and finger bones inside their flippers. Manatees use their flippers like humans use their hands.

Correct For Wallace, the unnecessary arm and finger bones in manatee flippers show that they descended from an ancestor with arms. These vestigial structures are evidence that every species is a modified form of an older species.

Part F As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?

ANSWER: God specially created monkeys on one set of islands and kangaroos on the other. Monkeys and tree kangaroos compete against one another and cannot live together. Marsupial and placental mammals live in different habitats. Monkeys could only survive in the western islands and kangaroos in the eastern islands. The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.

Correct Different kinds of animals were restricted to different regions because species come from pre-existing, nearby species. Because the western islands were once all connected, they would have the same species, which are also found in the mainland in Asia. The eastern islands were once also all connects and had the same species, which are also found in Australia.

Part G Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true? Select all that apply. ANSWER: Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties. Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. Darwin observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. The island species Wallace observed showed little variation. Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. Wallace collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. Darwin’s collections were destroyed by fire.

Correct Darwin and Wallace observed similar fact patterns in nature and came to the same explanation about the origin of species.

Building Vocabulary: Darwin's Theory of Evolution Can you match the following words to their descriptions?

Part A Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. ANSWER:

Reset

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1. The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is ''descent with modification .''

2. All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the unity

3. The diversity

of life.

of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of

time. 4. Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called natural selection . 5. Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their inherited traits

and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

6. Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more offspring than other members of a population.

7. This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of adaptations the environment.

Correct

Activity: Reconstructing Forelimbs

Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions.

Part A Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image?

ANSWER:

to

Correct The digits of a cat are homologous to those of these whale bones.

Part B The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. ANSWER:

rib cage flipper baleen blowhole tail

Correct The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous.

Figure Walkthrough: An Evolutionary Tree of Tetrapods Watch this video and then answer the questions.

Part A The figure shows an evolutionary tree of tetrapods (four-limbed animals). Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the figure. Blue labels represent homologous structures, and pink labels represent different categories of the animal groups shown in the tree. ANSWER:

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tetrapod limbs tetrapods amnion

amniotes reptiles

birds feathers

Correct

Part B Which of the following is most closely related to the lizard and snake group? ANSWER:

mammals birds amphibians lungfish

Correct The lizard/snake group and birds share common ancestor 4, which is a more recent common ancestor than those shared between lizards/snakes and mammals, amphibians, or lungfish.

Part C

Snakes are tetrapods that don't have legs. What could explain that? ANSWER: Snakes are more closely related to fish than lizards. Snakes are not reptiles. No ancestors of snakes had tetrapod limbs. An ancestor of snakes had tetrapod limbs.

Correct Lizards and snakes are close relatives, but underground living selected against legs.

Connecting the Concepts: Evidence of Evolution Can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?

Part A Sort the examples into the appropriate bins. ANSWER:

Reset

development of pesticide resistance in insects

discovery of bones from many different dinosaur species

changes in average beak size in finches following dry or wet years

transitional forms that link whales with land-dwelling ancestors that are now extinct

unique collection of marsupial mammals in Australia

resemblance of island species to nearby mainland species

Help

same genetic language of DNA and similar genes in yeasts, fruit flies, and humans similar forelimb anatomy in different species of mammals

Correct

MP3 Tutor Session: Natural Selection Click the image below to listen to the MP3 Tutor Session. You can also download the MP3 or view the text of the tutor session to read while you are listening. Estimated time: 8 minutes, 3 seconds. After you have listened to the tutor session, answer the questions.

Part A The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat? ANSWER: The HIV virus can survive harsh conditions for years as a dormant particle. The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation. The HIV virus replicates its genome with a great deal of precision (i.e., has a low mutation rate). The HIV virus has a special protein coat that protects it from attack by all known human immune defenses.

Correct

Part B Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare? ANSWER:

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses. The viral populations would still be genetically identical to each other and would be unchanged from the time of infection. The viral populations would have evolved to a new and more dangerous strain, but that strain would be identical across all four patients. This is the strain of virus found in every person suffering full-blown AIDS.

Correct

Part C As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection? ANSWER:

Any traits that are produced by mutation and can be inherited. Traits that reduce the number of offspring an individual produces, thus helping to reduce the struggle for existence in the next generation. Traits that reduce the mutation rate and cut down on unnecessary variation within populations. Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Correct

Part D Natural selection is best described as _____. ANSWER:

a creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature a forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations a completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution

Correct

Part E HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____. ANSWER: any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time AIDS should gradually become less variable with a lower mutation rate humans will develop weaker immune systems as an evolutionary response to natural selection individual humans will evolve to become immune to AIDS as long as they are exposed to it as young children

Correct

BioFlix Activity: Mechanisms of Evolution -- Natural Selection: Pesticides Can you identify the process by which natural selection acts on an insect population exposed to pesticides? To review the process of natural selection, watch this BioFlix animation: Mechanisms of Evolution: Natural Selection.

Part A - Natural selection: Pesticides Drag the labels onto the flowchart to place them in the correct sequence. ANSWER: Reset

Pesticide is applied to a population of insects.

Some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to the pesticide. These insects survive. Insects without the gene die.

The surviving insects reproduce. The frequency of resistant insects in the population increases.

Help

Correct

HHMI Video: The Making of The Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation (Pocket Mouse) Watch this video and then answer the questions.

Part A Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice? ANSWER:

Individuals change color to blend in with the environment. Predators eat light-colored rock pocket mice. They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color. There is dark lava rock in the area where they live.

Correct The rock pocket mice that Dr. Nachman catches in the film have a mutation in a gene that leads to the dark fur color.

Part B Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies? ANSWER: There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators. Mutations causing dark bellies do not occur. There is a reproductive advantage to having a dark belly. White bellies are an important part of camouflage.

Correct The color of a rock pocket mouse’s belly is not visible to a predator and therefore is not under strong selection pressure.

Part C Mutations are always __________. ANSWER:

neutral bad a change in an individual’s DNA good

Correct Mutations are rare genetic changes that can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental depending on an individual’s circumstances. A dark-color fur mutation is good for a rock pocket mouse living on black lava and bad for one living in the sandy desert.

Part D When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?

ANSWER: Dark-colored rock pocket mice, in this population, have fewer offspring than light-colored rock pocket mice. If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur. If dark-colored mice had a competitive advantage of 10%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have black fur. If dark-colored mice had a competitive advantage of 5%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have black fur.

Correct A small evolutionary advantage can lead to large changes in a population. The larger the advantage, the faster the changes occur.

Part E What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, “while mutation is random, natural selection is not”? Select all that apply. ANSWER:

Natural selection acts on traits. Mutations are caused by selective pressure dependent on environmental conditions. Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. Natural selection favors some mutations.

Correct Natural selection can only work on variation existing in a population. Mutation creates variation randomly. Natural selection is not random; by determining which traits are passed to the next generation, it can shape populations.

Part F In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?

Select all that apply. ANSWER:

Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. Dark color evolved only once in rock pocket mice. Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur.

Correct

Reviewing Key Concepts: Evidence for Evolution Can you identify the type of evidence for evolution illustrated by each example?

Part A Match each key term to the appropriate description. Terms may be used more than once. ANSWER:

Reset

fossil record comparative anatomy

Help

1. Comparision of DNA sequences among single-celled organisms suggests that eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea than bacteria. The type of evidence is bioinformatics .

bioinformatics

2. The oldest known and most primitive bird is the 150-million-year old Archaeopteryx. Its remains

biogeography

display feathered wings, but its skeleton is oth...