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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

1) The guidelines for how to behave in social contexts are called a. social cognitions. b. social roles. c. social norms. d. conformities. Correct: Social norms are the (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts. Norms include everything from the little nuances of public behaviour and the manners we use in polite company, to the topics that are appropriate for conversation and the types of clothing deemed appropriate.

2) Doni enters an elevator and stands in it facing the back instead of turning around to face the elevator door. Doni is violating a. her gender role. b. a social role. c. a social norm. d. a stereotype. Correct: Social norms are the (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts. Norms include everything from the little nuances of public behaviour and the manners we use in polite company, to the topics that are appropriate for conversation and the types of clothing deemed appropriate.

3) Some behaviours, such as cursing and wearing revealing clothing are acceptable in some social contexts, but are considered unacceptable in other situations, such as in a business office. Which of the following explains why this is the case? a. Social norms only apply to social contexts with written guidelines for behaviour, for example, the workplace. b. Many social norms are specific to a social context. c. Social norms vary from person to person and are not related to the social context. d. Social norms only exist for major societal issues, such as theft and murder; there are no social norms for trivial behaviours such as cursing or appropriate dress. Correct: Social norms are the (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts. Norms include everything from the little nuances of public behaviour and the manners we use in polite company, to the topics that are appropriate for conversation and the types of clothing deemed appropriate. Many social norms are specific to certain contexts, such as the workplace, or even a particular university.

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

4) Drill instructors in the military often yell at new recruits and try to humiliate them. In contrast, this behaviour would never be tolerated from a kindergarten teacher, who is expected to be patient and nurturing. The behaviour of both drill instructors and kindergarten teachers are examples of a. social roles. b. conformity. c. obedience. d. social norms. Correct: Social roles are specific sets of behaviours that are associated with a position within a group. In contrast, social norms are general rules that apply to situations, not specific positions or roles within a group.

5) Daniel's friends would probably describe him as easy going and a bit of a jokester. However, after becoming a police officer, Daniel feels that he is expected to be serious and strict. Daniel is feeling pressure to conform his behaviour to the ______________ of police officer. a. norm b. prejudice c. groupthink d. social role Correct: Social roles are specific sets of behaviours that are associated with a position within a group. In contrast, social norms are general rules that apply to situations, not specific positions or roles within a group.

6) While __________ are general rules that apply to members of a group, ___________ are guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group. a. conformity rules; obedience rules b. obedience rules; conformity rules c. social roles; social norms d. social norms; social roles

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

Correct: Social roles are specific sets of behaviours that are associated with a position within a group. In contrast, social norms are general rules that apply to situations, not specific positions or roles within a group.

7) In the Stanford Prison Study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found that a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, developing emotional symptoms and stress-related illnesses. b. about five percent of the guards became tyrannical, giving the prisoners electric shocks when they were slow in obeying. c. 90 percent of the guards tried to be "tough but fair" and demanded that the tyrannical guards lighten up on the prisoners because it was only an experiment. d. the study was conducted in an unused wing of a real prison; therefore, the realistic atmosphere enhanced the role behaviour of prisoners and guards. Correct: In the Stanford Prison Study, student participants were randomly assigned to be either prisoners or guards. Despite their inherent similarities to the prisoners, the guards either became brutal and callous or simply stood by while others did the dirty work. At the same time, most prisoners acquiesced and passively accepted the brutal treatment. Many also exhibited stress-related symptoms including screaming, crying, and stressrelated illnesses. The experiment took place in the basement of the psychology building.

8) What does the Stanford prison study tell us about the relationship between social roles and behaviour? a. People who are naturally aggressive and authoritarian seek out social roles that allow them to behave in this way. b. "Good" people will refuse to behave according to the norms of a social role if they are required to be harsh or abusive to other people. c. When people are placed in social roles with a lot of power, their behaviour often changes to fit their new role. d. Inmates naturally take on different social roles in a prison, with some becoming aggressive and authoritarian, while others become passive and submissive. Correct: In the Stanford Prison Study, student participants were randomly assigned to be either prisoners or guards. Despite their inherent similarities to the prisoners, the guards either became brutal and callous or simply stood by while others did the dirty work. At the same time, most prisoners acquiesced and passively accepted the brutal treatment.

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

This indicates that randomly placing individuals in a powerful social role can have a dramatic effect on their behaviour.

9) The Stanford Prison Study demonstrates how a person's _______________ affects behaviour. a. social role b. values c. beliefs d. past experience Correct: In the Stanford Prison experiment, student participants were randomly assigned to be either prisoners or guards. Despite their inherent similarities to the prisoners, the guards either became brutal and callous or simply stood by while others did the dirty work. At the same time, most prisoners acquiesced and passively accepted the brutal treatment. This indicates that randomly placing individuals in different social roles can have a dramatic effect on their behaviour.

10) What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Zimbardo's classic prisoner study at Stanford University? a. the prison break at Attica prison in New York b. the events in Waco, Texas, in which followers of a cult were killed by government agents c. the events at Abu Gharib prison in Iraq d. the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 Correct: Many people have drawn a direct connection between the Stanford Prison experiment and the prisoner abuse scandal at Abu Ghraib. American soldiers were put in a prison and told to guard the prisoners. Without the appropriate supervision and instructions, even mild-mannered, good-natured people can do cruel and terrible things to others.

11) When individuals find themselves in new situations where they are uncertain of how to behave, they often copy the behaviours of others, a strategy known as a. mimicry. b. obedience. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

c. groupthink. d. parodying. Correct: Mimicry occurs when one person copies another's behaviour. It can be a very useful skill when an individual is unsure of how to behave, but others present do know how to behave.

12) Wilhelm doesn't follow sports, but he agrees to go to a football game with a friend. Because he is unfamiliar with the rules, Wilhelm watches the other spectators around him carefully to see when they clap, stand, cheer, and boo and then copies their behaviour. Which strategy is Wilhelm using? a. groupthink. b. parodying. c. mimicry. d. obedience. Correct: Mimicry occurs when one person copies another's behaviour. It can be a very useful skill when an individual is unsure of how to behave, but others present do know how to behave.

13) The chameleon effect occurs when individuals a. unconsciously copy the behaviour of those around them for no apparent reason. b. try to avoid social situations by disappearing into the background and avoiding being noticed. c. pretend to occupy a social role that is not their own. d. change the colour scheme of their clothing to match the clothing of those of the most popular people in their group. Correct: The chameleon effect occurs when individuals mimic another's behaviour without meaning to or knowing that they are doing it. Furthermore, the imitated behaviour usually does not have any apparent use; it is as if it "just happens."

14) Ginger's new roommate tends to wink a lot at the end of sentences to indicate that she is joking. After living together for a few weeks, Ginger unconsciously begins to wink when she makes a joke. This is an example of

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

a. cognitive dissonance. b. the chameleon effect. c. social facilitation. d. groupthink. Correct: The chameleon effect occurs when individuals mimic another's behaviour without meaning to or knowing that they are doing it. Furthermore, the imitated behaviour usually does not have any apparent use; it is as if it "just happens."

15) According to your textbook, one of the situations that produces more mimicry than others is when an individual a. is hanging out with old friends. b. is not interested in how others perceive them. c. dislikes the person they are imitating. d. wants to make a good impression. Correct: We are more likely to mimic others when we need to make a good impression, want to be liked, or want to be part of an "ingroup."

16) In general, when an individual mimics aspects of the behaviour of another, the imitator tends to be ___________by the imitated person. a. viewed unfavourably b. ignored c. viewed favourably d. asked to stop Correct: In general, the person who is being imitated usually ends up with a favourable view of the imitator. Some observers have even dubbed mimicry the "social glue" that binds groups together.

17) Imitating the behaviour of one individual is called _____________, whereas changing your behaviour to fit in with a group is called _____________. a. mimicry; conformity b. conformity; mimicry

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

c. obedience; conformity d. conformity; obedience Correct: Mimicry occurs when one person copies another's behaviour. The study of mimicry is all about how we are influenced by a single individual. In contrast, conformity refers to a change in behaviour to fit in with a group.

18) Which of the following is true about conformity? a. Conformity is often a conscious decision. b. Conformity is always caused by the desire to be liked by others. c. Conformity cannot be studied in the laboratory. d. People tend to be less likely to conform when responses are made publically. Correct: Conformity refers to a change in behaviour to fit in with a group. Conformity can be—and often is—a conscious decision.

19) You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of a. obedience. b. comparison. c. attribution. d. conformity. Correct: Conformity refers to a change in behaviour to fit in with a group. In contrast, obedience involves complying with instructions or orders from an individual who is in a position of authority.

20) In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform? a. pretend they were prison guards b. selecting line sizes c. plunge their hands into buckets of water that were either ice cold or scalding hot d. deliver electric shocks to helpless victims Correct: One of the first scientific studies of conformity was performed by Solomon Asch. In it, participants were asked to identify which of several "comparison lines" was equal

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

in length to a "standard line." Asch found that many participants would choose an obviously incorrect answer if they heard other people choosing that answer.

21) Solomon Asch set up an experiment in which eight people were shown a 10-inch line and then had to choose the line that matched it in length from a choice of three other lines. Through this experiment, Asch was studying a. bystander apathy. b. social loafing. c. groupthink. d. conformity. Correct: One of the first scientific studies of conformity was performed by Solomon Asch. In it, participants were asked to identify which of several "comparison lines" was equal in length to a "standard line." Asch found that many participants would choose an obviously incorrect answer if they heard other people choosing that answer.

22) If you're like ___ percent of participants in the original Asch study, you would conform to the incorrect norm on at least once during testing. a. 45 b. 55 c. 65 d. 75 Correct: In Asch's research, approximately 75% of these perfectly intelligent participants conformed to the group and gave the wrong answer at least once during the testing, and approximately 25% conformed regularly.

23) When an individual, who is part of a larger group, puts forth less effort than other group members, ________ occurs. a. cognitive dissonance b. social loafing c. conformity d. the bystander effect

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

Correct: Social loafing occurs when an individual working as part of a group or team reduces his or her effort. The individual may or may not be aware that he or she is loafing, but the behaviour affects the group process nonetheless.

24) You and your group have had four weeks to complete a group project for your economics class. You are now four days away from the due date, and you and one other group member have been putting in all of the time and effort. The other two members come occasionally to group meetings and do the minimal work required. This unfortunate situation is known as a. social facilitation. b. groupthink. c. social loafing. d. social referencing. Correct: Social loafing occurs when an individual working as part of a group or team reduces his or her effort. The individual may or may not be aware that he or she is loafing, but the behaviour affects the group process nonetheless.

25) A group member is more likely to engage in social loafing if he or she believes that a. the other group members are trying very hard. b. his or her performance will not make a difference to the group's performance. c. the group will receive a large reward for good performance. d. his or her effort is critical to the overall performance of the group. Correct: Social loafing occurs when an individual working as part of a group or team reduces his or her effort. Social loafing is more common when group members believe that 1) their effort will not help their performance, 2) their performance will not make a difference to the group's performance, 3) the group may get rewarded but it won't matter to them, and 4) no one else is trying very hard.

26) What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching? a. social loafing b. social idleness

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

c. social facilitation d. social productivity Correct: Social facilitation occurs when an individual's performance is better in the presence of others than when alone.

27) Marco has been running each afternoon trying to beat his college's record for the 400metre sprint. Despite all his practising, he hasn't been able to come in under his usual time. There's a big fan turnout for the track meet on Saturday against the rival school and Marco not only beats the old record, but far surpasses it. Marco's behaviour illustrates a. social facilitation. b. social compensation. c. social loafing. d. the bystander effect. Correct: Social facilitation occurs when an individual's performance is better in the presence of others than when alone.

28) Social facilitation is most likely to occur when individuals a. have had relatively little practice. b. are alone. c. are novices. d. have mastered the task they are performing. Correct: Social facilitation occurs when an individual's performance is better in the presence of others than when alone. As a general rule, the presence of others is most likely to lead to social facilitation when a person is prepared for a task. That is, when individuals have mastered a task, the audience helps, whereas for novices, having an audience can actually hurt performance.

29) Which of the following is a decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement? a. deindividuation b. social loafing

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Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 13: Social Psychology

c. obedience d. groupthink Correct: This is the definition of groupthink.

30) Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink? a. ”Let's hear some differing opinions.” b. ”What do you think?” c. ”I'm sure we all agree on this.” d. ”We need to look at all of the evidence.” Correct: Laboratory research has shown that when groupthink occurs, there is almost always a strong or "directive" leader—specifically, an individual who suppresses dissenters and encourages the group to consider fewer alternative ideas. In this example, "I'm sure we all agree on this," suggests to group members that they should all be in agreement, even if they are not.

31) ________ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even failing to use rational thought in the process. a. Social facilitation b. Groupthink c. Social loafing d. Group polarization Correct: Groupthink is a decision-making process in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement.