Chapter 2 Global Demography PDF

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CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHYGLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY is the study of population globally based on factors such as: age, race, sex, and a study how birth rates and death rates change. It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations and temporal changes in them in respo...

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CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY • is the study of population globally based on factors such as: age, race, sex, and a study how birth rates and death rates change. • It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations and temporal changes in them in response to birth, aging, death, or incidence of disease. • Before this Covid-19 pandemic, the most popular incidents of disease in history that caused a demographic upheaval is the Black Plague in 15th century Europe were half of the population died and the Potato Blight of Ireland.

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER 1. Dependency ratio - the number of people who are too young or too old to enter the workforce. 2. Mortality decline - countries suffer small growth rate, caused by cleanliness, hygienic surrounding, population control, balanced food and health consciousness. 3. Population explosion - the result of improved nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical care. 4. Working age - if these people are huge numbered in a country, savings per capita will be bigger. 5. Life expectancy - the average period that a person may expect to live. 6. Birth rate - the total number of live births per 1000 of population in a year.

POLICY IMPLICATIONS • Rapid and significant demographic change places new demands on national and international policy making. • Transitions from high mortality and fertility to low mortality and fertility can be beneficial to economies as large baby boom cohorts enter the workforce and save retirement. • Rising longevity also affects the incentives to save for old age, which can affect investment, internal capital flows, and interest rates.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL - is a model that describes population change over time. - It is based on an interpretation by the American Demographer Warren Thompson, of the observed changes, or transitions, in births and death rates in industrialized countries over the past two hundred years or so. - By model we mean that it is an idealized, composite picture of population change in these countries. - Demographic transition theory suggest that population grows along a predictable five-stage model.

FIVE-STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL Stage 1: High Stationary • - pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance, and population growth is typically very slow and constrained by the available food supply. High death rates reasons: 1. Lack of knowledge of disease prevention and cure.

2. Outbreaks of infectious diseases (ex: influenza, scarlet fever or plague) 3. Water and food borne diseases (ex: cholera, typhoid dysentery and diarrhea were common killers, as well as TB, measles, dipteria and whooping cough) 4. Occasional food shortages and poor water supply. 5. Primitive sanitation (people live in dirty surrounding, inefficient sewage disposal) Stage 2: Low Death Rate, High Birth Rate. Early Expanding. • the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. • The improvements specific to food supply include selective breeding and crop rotation and farming techniques. • Other improvements include access to technology, basic health care and education. Stage 3: Late Expanding. • Birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increase in wages, urbanization increase in status, education of women and increase investment in education. • Population growth begins to level off. • It is important to note that birth rate decline is caused also by a transition in values not just because of contraceptive. Stage 4: Low Stationary. • Birth rates and death rates are both low. • it creates an economic burden on the shrinking population. • Death rate may remain consistently low or increase in lifestyle disease. • Little growth in population. • The population age structure has become older.

• People born during stage 2 are now beginning to age. • Birth rates are low as the society is advanced and therefore, women choose for careers and smaller families to ensure that they have a better quality of life. Stage 5: Declining (Only speculation) • Fertility rates transition to either below replacement or above replacement. • Some believed that the world population will be forced to stabilized. • Perhaps the world will run out of resources or food shortage due to population growth. • Decline birth rate may result because of rising individualism, one child policy, many decide not to have children at all by being sterilized....