Chapter 3- essay assignment- PSYC 201 PDF

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Cheyenne Switzer Professor Marshall PSYC- 201-HO6 January 20, 2020 Chapter Three- Essay Assignment The typical development takes place between fertilization and birth ad lasts approximately between thirty-eight and forty weeks. It is broken down into three parts, the germinal period, the embryonic period and the fetal period. The germinal period is the period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the fertilized eggs the zygote goes into cell division and the attachment to the uterine wall. During the germinal the group of cells are now called blastocyst which is defined as the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo. The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period, these cells provide the nutrition and support for the embryo which is called trophoblast. In the Embryonic period is the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appears. The endoderm is the inner layer of cells that develop the digestive and respiratory systems. The mesoderm is the middle layer that becomes the circulatory system, bones, muscles excretory system and the reproductive system. The ectoderm is the outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, skin parts.

The umbilical cord is part of the prenatal life and support system that contains two arteries and one vein that connect the baby to the placenta. The placenta is a prenatal life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine. In the fetal period lasts about seven months and is the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies. At this time, the fetus is about thirteen inches long and weighs four-fifths of an ounce. The fetus’ arms, legs and head move randomly or spontaneously. The fetus can open their mouth and open and close their eyes. The face, forehead, eyelids, nose and chin are distinguishable, just like their upper arms, lower arms, hands and lower limbs. By the end of the fourth month or seventeenth the fetus has grown to about 5.5 inches in length and weighs about five ounces. By the end of the fifth month, the fetus is about twelve inches long and weighs close to a pound. Structures like toenails and fingernails are forming. The fetus is more active and has shown a preference in position inside the womb. As early as sic months the fetus has reached a developmental chance of surviving outside the womb. Babies born between twenty-four and thirty-seven weeks of pregnancy usually need help breathing because their lungs are not fully developed yet. At the end of the seventh month the fetus is about sixteen weeks long ad weights about three pounds. During the last two months of prenatal development, fatty tissues develop and the functioning of various organ systems- heart and kidney steps up. During the eight and ninth months the fetus grows longer and gains weight usually about four pounds. At birth, the average American baby weighs eight pounds and is about twenty inches long. Prescription drugs that can function as a teratogen, that comes from the Greek word “tera” meaning monster, and it is any agent that causes a birth defect, such as antibiotics,

antidepressants, hormones and Accutane. Psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions and change moods. Heavy drinking by the pregnant woman can be devastating to their offspring. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder also called FASD is a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy. The abnormalities include facial deformities and defects of the limbs and heart. Cigarette smoking by pregnancy can also adversely influence prenatal developmental birth and postnatal development. Preterm births and low birth weights, fatal and neonatal deaths, respiratory problems and sudden infant death syndrome also called SIDS and more commonly called crib death. Cocaine quickly crosses the placenta to reach the fetus. The most consistent finding in that cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference. Marijuana used during pregnancy has been linked to offspring’s low birth weight and greater likelihood of being placed in a neonatal intensive care unit. Heroin use during pregnancy includes the child having difficulties include withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor controls. Incompatible blood types between the mother and the father could become another risk for the fetus during development. Blood types are created by differences in the surface structure of red blood cells. One type of difference is in the surface of the red blood cells, as they create the familiar blood groups. The different blood types are A, B, O and AB. If the surface marker that’s called a Rh-factor, is present in an individual’s red blood cells and the person is said to be Rh- positive. If the marker is not present, the person is said to be Rh-negative. The mother’s immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus, this can result in a number of problems, including miscarriage or still birth, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brain damage, or

death soon after birth. A vaccine identified as RhoGAM may be given to the mother within three days of the first child’s to prevent her body from making antibodies that will attack any future Rh-positive fetuses in subsequence pregnancies. There are some environmental hazards that could endanger the embryo or fetus, some specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include radiation, toxic wastes and other chemicals pollutants. Some dangerous pollutants include carbon monoxide, mercury and lead as well as some fertilizers and pesticides. Maternal diseases and infections can produce defects in offspring by crossing the placental barrier, or they can cause damage during birth. Rubella also commonly known as German measles is one disease that can cause prenatal defects. Another type of material disease is syphilis, which is a sexually transmitted infection, and it is the most damaging to prenatal development four months or more after conception. Newborns usually contract the virus when being delivered naturally through the birth canal, if the mother has genital herpes, as one-third of babies delivered though an infected birth canal die, another one-fourth become brain damaged. AIDS is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, which is disastrous to the bodies immune system. Women who have gestational diabetes, also may deliver large infants weighing ten pounds or more, and the infants are at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Material age can be a possible harmful factor to the fetus. When possible harmful effects on the fetus and infant are considered two groups of interest, adolescence and women of thirtyfive years of age and older. The mortality rate of infants born to adolescents mothers is double that of infants born to mothers in their twenties. When a pregnant woman experiences intense fears, anxieties and other emotions or negative mood states, physiological changes occur that may affect her fetus. Paternal factors can also be a factor, men being exposed to lead, radiation,

certain pesticides and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead to miscarriage or to disease such as childhood cancer....