Chemistry CAPE DATA Booklet PDF

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CARI B B EAN

E XAM I NAT I O N S

COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

CHEMISTRY

DATA BOOKLET

DO NOT TAKE AWAY FROM THE EXAMINATION ROOM

Revised: January 2015

-2TABLE 1: SOME IMPORTANT CONSTANTS

The Avogadro constant

L

= 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Electronic charge

e

= –1.60 × 10–19 C

The Faraday constant

F

= 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

Ionic product of water

Kw

= 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 (at 298 K)

Molar gas constant

R

= 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Molar volume of gas

Vm

= 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p = 24 dm3 mol–1 under room conditions

The Planck constant

h

= 6.63 × 10–34 J s

me

= 9.11 × 10–31 kg

mn

= 1.67 × 10–27 kg

Rest mass of proton, 1 H

mp

= 1.67 × 10–27 kg

Specific heat capacity of water

Cwater = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1

Speed of light in a vacuum

c

0

Rest mass of electron, e –1

1

Rest mass of neutron, n 0

1

= 3.00 × 108 m s–1

-3TABLE 2: IONISATION ENERGIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS Element H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ge Br Sr Sn I Ba Pb

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol–1)

Proton Number

First

Second

Third

Fourth

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 35 38 50 53 56 82

1310 2370 519 900 799 1090 1400 1310 1680 2080 494 736 577 786 1060 1000 1260 1520 418 590 632 661 648 653 716 762 757 736 745 908 762 1140 548 707 1010 502 716

– 5250 7300 1760 2420 2350 2860 3390 3370 3950 4560 1450 1820 1580 1900 2260 2300 2660 3070 1150 1240 1310 1370 1590 1510 1560 1640 1750 1960 1730 1540 2080 1060 1410 1840 966 1450

– – 11800 14800 3660 4610 4590 5320 6040 6150 6940 7740 2740 3230 2920 3390 3850 3950 4600 4940 2390 2720 2870 2990 3250 2960 3230 3390 3350 3828 3300 3460 4120 2940 2040 3390 3080

– – – 21000 25000 6220 7480 7450 8410 9290 9540 10500 11600 4360 4960 4540 5150 5770 5860 6480 7110 4170 4600 4770 5190 5400 5100 5400 5690 5980 4390 4850 5440 3930 4030 – 4080

-4TABLE 3: ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Atomic/nm (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Group II Metallic

Ionic/nm

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

0.112 0.160 0.197 0.215 0.217 0.220

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Ra2+

0.031 0.065 0.099 0.113 0.135 0.140

C Si Ge Sn Pb

0.077 0.117 0.122 0.162 0.175

Si4+ Ge2+ Sn2+ Pb2+

0.041 0.093 0.112 0.120

F Cl Br I At

0.072 0.099 0.114 0.133 0.140

F– Cl– Br– I–

0.136 0.181 0.195 0.216

Na Mg Al

0.186 0.160 0.143

Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

0.095 0.065 0.050

Single covalent

Si P S Cl

0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099

Si4+ P3– S2– Cl–

0.041 0.212 0.184 0.181

Van der Waals

Ar

0.192

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe

0.144 0.132 0.122 0.117 0.117 0.116

Co Ni Cu Zn

0.116 0.115 0.117 0.125

Sc3+ Ti2+ V3+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+ Zn2+

0.081 0.090 0.074 0.069 0.080 0.076 0.064 0.078 0.078 0.069 0.074

Group IV Single covalent

Group VII Single covalent

Period 3 Metallic

First row transition elements Single covalent

-5TABLE 4: SELECTED BOND ENERGIES

Bond (a)

Diatomic molecules H─H D─D N≡N O═O F─F Cl─Cl Br─Br I─I H─F H─Cl H─Br H─I

(b)

Energy/kJ mol–1

436 442 994 496 158 244 193 151 562 431 366 299

Polyatomic molecules C─C C═C C≡C … C─C (benzene) C─H C─Cl C─Br C─I C─N C═N C≡N C─O C═O N─H N─N N═N O─H O─O Si─Cl Si─H Si─O Si─Si S─Cl S─H S─S

350 610 840 520 410 340 280 240 305 610 890 360 740 390 160 410 460 150 359 320 444 222 250 347 264

-6TABLE 5: STANDARD ELECTRODE AND REDOX POTENTIALS

Electrode Reaction

Ag+ + e–

Ag

+0.80

–

Al

–1.66

Ba2+ + 2e–

Ba

3+

Al + 3e

–

Br2 + 2e

Ca2+ + 2e– Cl2 + 2e

–

2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e– 2+

–

Co + 2e

Co3+ + e– 2+

Cr2+ + 2e– 3+

Cr + 3e

–

3+

–

Cr + e Cr2O

+

7

–2.90

2Br

–

+1.07

Ca

–2.87 –

2Cl

+1.36

Cl2 + 2H2O

+1.64

Co

–0.28

Co2+

+1.82

–

[Co(NH3)6] + 2e

2–

E /volts at 298 K (25 °C)

Co + 6NH3

–0.43

Cr

–0.91 Cr

Cr

–0.74

2+

–0.41

–

2Cr + 7H2O

+1.33

–

Cu

+0.52

Cu2+ + 2e–

Cu

+0.34

+ 14H + 6e +

Cu + e 2+

–

Cu + e

3+

+

Cu

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2e–

+0.15

Cu + 4NH3

–0.05

–

2F

+2.87

Fe2+ + 2e–

Fe

–0.44

Fe

–0.04

F2 + 2e 3+

–

Fe + 3e

Fe3+ + e– 3–

[Fe(CN)6] + e

–

Fe(OH)3 + e

–

+

–

Fe2+ [Fe(CN)6]

+0.77 4–

Fe(OH)2 + OH

+0.36 –

–0.56

2H + 2e

–

I2 + 2e

–

2I

K+ + e –

K

–2.92

Li

–3.04

Mg

–2.38

Mn

–1.18

+

Li + e

–

Mg2+ + 2e– 2+

Mn + 2e

–

H2 –

0.00 +0.54

-7TABLE 5: STANDARD ELECTRODE AND REDOX POTENTIALS (CONT'D)

Electrode Reaction

Mn3+ + e– +

–

MnO2 + 4H + 2e

MnO–4 + e– – 4

+

MnO + 4H + 3e

–

MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– NO–3 + 2H+ + e– NO–3 + 3H+ + 2e– –

+

NO 3 + 10H + 8e

–

Na+ + e– 2+

Ni + 2e

–

E /volts at 298 K (25 °C)

Mn2+

+1.49

2+

+1.23

Mn + 2H2O MnO2–

4

+0.56

MnO2 + 2H2O +1.67 Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.52 NO2 + H2O

+0.81

HNO2 + H2O

+0.94

NH

– 4

+ 3H2O

+0.87

Na

–2.71

Ni

–0.25

[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e–

Ni + 6NH3

–0.51

+

–

2H2O

+1.77

+

O2 + 4H + 4e

–

2H2O

+1.23

O2 + 2H2O + 4e

–

4OH

–

+0.40

–

H2O2

+0.68

H2 + 2OH–

–0.83

Pb

–0.13

H2O2 + 2H + 2e

+

O2 + 2H + 2e

2H2O + 2e– 2+

Pb + 2e

–

Pb4+ + 2e– +

Pb2+

+1.69

2+

–

Pb + 2H2O

+1.47

SO2–4 + 4H+ + 2e–

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

PbO2 + 4H + 2e S2O

2– 8

+ 2e

–

S4O2–6 + 2e– 2+

–

4+

–

2+

V + 2e

–

3+

–

Sn + 2e Sn + 2e

V +e

VO2+ + 2H+ + e– + 2

+

VO + 2H + e

–

VO–3 + 4H+ + e– 2+

Zn + 2e

–

2SO

2–

2S2O2–

+2.01

4 3

Sn

–0.14

2+

Sn

V V

+0.09

2+

V3+ + H2O 2+

+0.15 –1.20 –0.26 +0.34

VO + H2O

+1.00

VO2+ + 2H2O

+1.00

Zn

–0.76

-8TABLE 6: SELECTED INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC DATA

Characteristic Absorption Ranges* (Wave Number, cm–1)

Bond O─H

‘free’

3580 to 3670

N─H

primary amines

3350 to 3500

O─H

‘hydrogen-bonded’ in alcohols, phenols

3230 to 3550

C─H

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

2840 to 3095

O─H

‘hydrogen-bonded’ in acids

2500 to 3300

C≡N

2200 to 2280

C≡C

2070 to 2250

C═O

aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

C═C C─O

1680 to 1750 1610 to 1680

alcohols, ethers, esters

C─Cl

*due to stretching vibrations

1000 to 1300 700 to 800

-9-

The Periodic Table Group I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

1.0 H 1

0 4.0 He 2

6.9 Li 3

9.0 Be 4

10.8 B 5

12.0 C 6

14.0 N 7

16.0 O 8

19.0 F 9

0.2 Ne 10

23.0 Na 11

24.3 Mg 12

27.0 Al 13

28.1 Si 14

31.0 P 15

32.1 S 16

35.5 Cl 17

39.9 Ar 18

39.1 K 19

40.1 Ca 20

45.0 Sc 21

47.9 Ti 22

50.9 V 23

52 0 Cr 24

54.9 Mn 25

55.8 Fe 26

58.9 Co 27

58.7 Ni 28

63.5 Cu 29

65.4 Zn 30

69.7 Ga 31

72.6 Ge 32

74.9 As 33

79.0 Se 34

79.9 Br 35

83.8 Kr 36

85.5 Rb 37

87.6 Sr 38

88.9 Y 39

91.2 Zr 40

92.9 Nb 41

95.9 Mo 42

– Tc 43

101 Ru 44

103 Rh 45

106 Pd 46

108 Ag 47

112 Cd 48

115 In 49

119 Sn 50

122 Sb 51

128 Te 52

127 I 53

131 Xe 54

133 Cs 55

137 Ba 56

La* to Lu

178 Hf 72

181 Ta 73

184 W 74

186 Re 75

190 Os 76

192 Ir 77

195 Pt 78

197 Au 79

201 Hg 80

204 Tl 81

207 Pb 82

209 Bi 83

– Po 84

– At 85

– Rn 86

– Fr 87

– Ra 88

Ac** to Lr

*

139 La 57

140 Ce 58

141 Pr 59

144 Nd 60

– Pm 61

150 Sm 62

152 Eu 63

157 Gd 64

159 Tb 65

163 Dy 66

165 Ho 67

167 Er 68

169 Tm 69

173 Yb 70

175 Lu 71

**

– Ac 89

– Th 90

– Pa 91

– U 92

– Np 93

– Pu 94

– Am 95

– Cm 96

– Bk 97

– Cf 98

– Es 99

– Fm 100

– Md 101

– No 102

– Lr 103

a

Key

X

b

a – relative atomic mass X – atomic symbol b – proton (atomic) number...