Chemistry data booklet for chemican engineering PDF

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Chemistry data booklet First assessment 2016 Fourth edition

Diploma Programme Chemistry data booklet

Published June 2014 Updated January 2016 Updated January 2017 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the IB, or as expressly permitted by law or by the IB’s own rules and policy. See http://www.ibo.org/copyright. IB merchandise and publications c an be purchased through the IB s tore at http://store.ibo.org. Email: [email protected]

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4073

Contents 1. Some relevant equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Physical constants and unit conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. The electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Fundamental particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5. Names of the elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6. The periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements. . . . . . 8 9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10. Covalent bond lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12. Selected compounds—thermodynamic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13. Enthalpies of combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 15. Spectrochemical series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 16. Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 17. Colour wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 20. Enthalpies of hydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 21. Strengths of organic acids and bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 22. Acid-base indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 23. Values of the ionization constant of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 25. Activity series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 26. Infrared data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 27. 1H NMR data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 28. Mass spectral fragments lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 29. Triangular bonding diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 30. Resin identification codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 31. Representations of some materials molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Chemistry data booklet

32. Solubility product constants at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 33. 2-amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 35. Vitamins and pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 36. Binding energy curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37. Representations of some medicinal molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 38. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Notes This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).

iv

Chemistry data booklet

1. Some relevant equations Topic

Equation

1.3

pV = nRT

2.2 and C.4

c = νλ

5.1

q = mc ∆T pH = − log10 H3 O + 

8.3

or pH = − log10 H+ 

12.1

E = hν

15.2

∆G Ö = ∆H Ö − T ∆S Ö

16.2

k = Ae RT

−E a

ln k =

16.2

16.2

ln

−Ea + ln A RT

k1 Ea  1 1  =  −  k 2 R  T2 T1 

17.1

∆G Ö = −R T ln K

19.1

∆ G Ö = − nFE Ö

A.5

% atom economy =

total mass of desired product ×10 0 total mass of all reactants

A.8

n λ = 2d sin θ

B.7 and D.4

 A −      = + pH pK a log    HA    

B.7

Chemistry data booklet

log10

I0 = ε lc I

1

Topic

Equation

C.1

Energy density =

energy released from fuel volume of fuel consumed

C.1

Specific energy =

energy released from fuel mass of fuel consumed

N = N 0e − λt

C.3

t1 = 2

C.3 and D.8

ln 2 λ

C.6

 RT  E =EÖ −   ln Q  nF 

C.7

Rate 1 M2 = Rate2 M1

D.8

 1 t 1/ 2 N (t ) = N 0   2

t

2. Physical constants and unit conversions Avogadro’s constant (L or N A) = 6. 02 × 1023 mol− 1 −1 −1 Gas constant ( R ) = 8. 31 J K mol

Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27× 10 −2 m 3 mol −1 = 22 .7 dm 3 mol −1 1 dm 3 = 1 litre = 1× 10 − 3 m 3 = 1 × 10 3 cm3 STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPa SATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa Speed of light = 3 .00 ×108 m s−1 1

1

1

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg− K− =4.18 J g− K−

1

Planck’s constant ( h ) = 6. 63 × 10 −34 J s Faraday’s constant (F ) = 9. 65 × 104 C mol−1 Ionic product constant for water (K W ) = 1. 00 × 10 −14 mol2 dm−6 at 298 K

1 amu =1 .66 × 10−27 kg

2

Chemistry data booklet

3. The electromagnetic spectrum energy 10 −16

10 −14

10 −12

 rays

10 −10 X-rays

10−8 UV

10−6

10−4 IR

10−2

10 0

microwaves

102

10 4

106

108 wavelength (m)

radio waves

V I B G Y O R 400 700 wavelength (nm)

4. Fundamental particles Proton Mass (kg) Charge (C)

Chemistry data booklet

1 .672622 ×10

Neutron −27

− 1 .602189 ×10 19

1 .674927 ×10 0

Electron −27

− 9.109383 ×10 31 − 1 .602189 ×10 19

3

4

5. Names of the elements Symbol

Atomic number

Symbol

Atomic number

actinium

Element

Ac

89

dysprosium

Element

Dy

66

aluminium americium

Al Am

13 95

einsteinium erbium

Es Er

99 68

antimony argon

Sb Ar

51 18

europium fermium

Eu Fm

63 100

arsenic astatine

As At

33 85

fluorine francium

F Fr

9 87

barium berkelium

Ba Bk

56 97

gadolinium gallium

Gd Ga

64 31

beryllium

Be

4

bismuth bohrium boron

Bi Bh B

83 107 5

bromine

Br

cadmium caesium

Cd Cs

calcium californium

Chemistry data booklet

germanium

Ge

32

gold hafnium hassium

Au Hf Hs

79 72 108

35

helium

He

2

48 55

holmium hydrogen

Ho H

67 1

Ca Cf

20 98

indium iodine

49 53

carbon cerium

C Ce

6 58

iridium iron

In I Ir Fe

77 26

chlorine

Cl

17

krypton

Kr

36

chromium cobalt

Cr Co

24 27

lanthanum lawrencium

La Lr

57 103

copernicium

Cn

112

copper curium

Cu Cm

29 96

darmstadtium dubnium

Ds Db

110 105

lead

Pb

82

lithium lutetium

Li Lu

3 71

magnesium manganese

Mg Mn

12 25

Element

Symbol

Atomic number

Chemistry data booklet

meitnerium mendelevium

Mt Md

109 101

mercury

Hg

molybdenum neodymium

Element

Symbol

Atomic number

ruthenium rutherfordium

Ru Rf

44 104

80

samarium

Sm

62

Mo Nd

42 60

scandium seaborgium

Sc Sg

21 106

neon neptunium

Ne Np

10 93

selenium silicon

Se Si

34 14

nickel niobium

Ni Nb

28 41

silver sodium

Ag Na

47 11

nitrogen

N

7

strontium

Sr

38

nobelium osmium

No Os

102 76

sulfur tantalum

S Ta

16 73

oxygen palladium phosphorus

O Pd P

8 46 15

technetium tellurium terbium

Tc Te Tb

43 52 65

platinum

Pt

78

thallium

Tl

81

plutonium polonium

Pu Po

94 84

thorium thulium

Th Tm

90 69

potassium praseodymium

K Pr

19 59

tin titanium

Sn Ti

50 22

promethium protactinium

Pm Pa

61 91

tungsten uranium

W U

74 92

radium

Ra

88

vanadium

V

23

radon rhenium

Rn Re

86 75

xenon ytterbium

Xe Yb

54 70

rhodium

Rh

45

yttrium

Y

39

roentgenium rubidium

Rg Rb

111 37

zinc zirconium

Zn Zr

30 40

5

6

6. The periodic table 1 1

3 4 5 6 7

3

4

5

6

7

1

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18 2

Atomic numbe r

H 1.01 3

2

2

He Element

4

Li

Be

6.94

9.01

5

Relative ato mic mass

6

7

8

9

4.00 10

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

12.01

14.01

16.00

20.18

14

15

16

19.00 17

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar 39.95

11

12

10.81 13

Na

Mg

Al

22.99

24.31

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.07

35.45

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

K

Ca

Sc

Ti

V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.87

50.94

52.00

54.94

55.85

58.93

58.69

63.55

65.38

74.92

78.96

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

50

51

52

79.90 53

83.90

38

69.72 49

72.63

37

Rb

Sr

Y

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

18

54

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.96

(98)

112.41

114.82

118.71

121.76

127.60

126.90

57 †

72

73

74

75

102.91 77

107.87

56

101.07 76

106.42

55

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

132.91

137.33

138.91

178.49

180.95

183.84

186.21

190.23

Ir

196.97

200.59

204.38

207.20

208.98

(209)

(210)

(222)

88

89 ‡

104

105

106

107

108

192.22 109

195.08

87

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Uut

Uuq

Uup

Uuh

Uus

Uuo

(223)

(226)

Chemistry data booklet

(227)

(267) 58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

†

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

140.12

140.91

144.24

(145)

150.36

151.96

157.25

158.93

162.50

164.93

167.26

168.93

173.05

174.97

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th

Pa

U

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

232.04

231.04

238.03

(237)

(244)

(243)
...