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Chemistry 12

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE E LEMENTS 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1 2

H

He

Hydrogen

Helium

1.0 14 3

4

Li

Be

Silicon

Lithium

Beryllium

28.1

6.9

9.0

Si

4.0

Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass

5

6

7

8

9

10

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

10.8

12.0

14.0

16.0

19.0

20.2

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na

Mg

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

Sodium

Magnesium

Aluminum

Silicon

Phosphorus

Sulphur

Chlorine

Argon

23.0

24.3

27.0

28.1

31.0

32.1

35.5

39.9

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

K

Ca

Sc

Ti

V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

Potassium

Calcium

Scandium

Titanium

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

Gallium

Germanium

Arsenic

Selenium

Bromine

Krypton

39.1

40.1

45.0

47.9

50.9

52.0

54.9

55.8

58.9

58.7

63.5

65.4

69.7

72.6

74.9

79.0

79.9

83.8

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Y

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

Molybdenum

Technetium

Ruthenium

Rhodium

Palladium

Silver

Cadmium

Indium

Tin

Antimony

Tellur ium

Iodine

Xenon

85.5

87.6

88.9

91.2

92.9

95.9

(98)

101.1

102.9

106.4

107.9

112.4

114.8

118.7

121.8

127.6

126.9

131.3

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Cesium

Barium

Lanthanum

Hafnium

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

Radon

132.9

137.3

138.9

178.5

180.9

183.8

186.2

190.2

192.2

195.1

197.0

200.6

204.4

207.2

209.0

(209)

(210)

(222)

109

87

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Francium

Radium

Actinium

Ruther fordium

Dubnium

Seaborgium

Bohrium

Hassium

Meitnerium

(223)

(226)

(227)

(261)

(262)

(263)

(262)

(265)

(266)

12

Based on mass of C at 12.00. Data Page 1

Values in parentheses are the masses of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements which do not occur naturally.

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

Cerium

Praseodymium

Neodymium

Promethium

Samarium

Europium

Gadolinium

Terbium

Dysprosium

Holmium

Erbium

Thulium

Ytterbium

Lutetium

140.1

140.9

144.2

(145)

150.4

152.0

157.3

158.9

162.5

164.9

167.3

168.9

173.0

175.0

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th

Pa

U

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

Thorium

Protactinium

Uranium

Neptunium

Plutonium

Americium

Curium

Berkelium

Californium

Einsteinium

Fermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

Lawrencium

232.0

231.0

238.0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS Based on mass of C12 at 12.00. Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally. Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium Data Page 2

Symbol

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass

Element

Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Md

89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 101

(227) 27.0 (243) 121.8 39.9 74.9 (210) 137.3 (247) 9.0 209.0 10.8 79.9 112.4 40.1 (251) 12.0 140.1 132.9 35.5 52.0 58.9 63.5 (247) (262) 162.5 (252) 167.3 152.0 (257) 19.0 (223) 157.3 69.7 72.6 197.0 178.5 4.0 164.9 1.0 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.8 83.8 138.9 (262) 207.2 6.9 175.0 24.3 54.9 (258)

Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

Symbol Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic Number 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic Mass 200.6 95.9 144.2 20.2 (237) 58.7 92.9 14.0 (259) 190.2 16.0 106.4 31.0 195.1 (244) (209) 39.1 140.9 (145) 231.0 (226) (222) 186.2 102.9 85.5 101.1 (261) 150.4 45.0 79.0 28.1 107.9 23.0 87.6 32.1 180.9 (98) 127.6 158.9 204.4 232.0 168.9 118.7 47.9 183.8 238.0 50.9 131.3 173.0 88.9 65.4 91.2 Chemistry 12

NAMES, FORMULAE, AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS * Aqueous solutions are readily oxidized by air. ** Not stable in aqueous solutions. Positive Ions (Cations) Al3+ +

NH4 Ba

2+

Ca

2+

Cr

2+

Cr

3+

Cu

+

2+

Cu

+

H

+

H3O

Fe2+ Fe

3+

2+

Pb

Pb4+

Aluminum

+

Li

Ammonium

Lithium

2+

Magnesium

Mn

2+

Manganese(II), manganous

Mn

4+

Manganese(IV)

Hg2

2+

Mercury(I)*, mercurous

Hg

2+

Mercury(II), mercuric

Mg

Barium Calcium Chromium(II), chromous Chromium(III), chromic

Lead(IV), plumbic

Copper(I)*, cuprous

+

Potassium

+

Silver

+

Sodium

K

Copper(II), cupric

Ag

Hydrogen Hydronium

Na

Iron(II)*, ferrous

Sn2+ Sn

Iron(III), ferric

Tin(IV), stannic

2+

Zinc

Zn

Lead(II), plumbous

Tin(II)*, stannous

4+

Negative Ions (Anions) Br

–

CO32–

Carbonate

ClO3–

Chlorate

–

Chloride

Cl

ClO2– CrO4

2– –

CN

Cr2O72– H2PO4

–

CH3COO

–

F

–

HCO3– HC2O4

–

HSO4

– –

HS

HSO3 – Chemistry 12

Bromide

Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Dihydrogen phosphate Ethanoate, acetate

–

Hydroxide

–

Hypochlorite

–

Iodide

OH

ClO I

HPO42–

Monohydrogen phosphate

NO3

–

Nitrate

NO2

–

Nitrite

C2O42– O2– ClO4– MnO4– 3–

Oxalate Oxide** Perchlorate Permanganate Phosphate

Fluoride

PO4

Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate

SO42–

Sulphate

2–

Sulphide

2–

Sulphite

Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide

S SO3

–

SCN

Thiocyanate

Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite

Data Page 3

SOLUBILITY OF C OMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25°C. Negative Ions (Anions)

+

+

+

Soluble

All

Ammonium ion: NH4 +

Soluble

All

Soluble

All others

Soluble

+

Bromide, Br

–

Iodide, I–





–

–

Hydroxide, OH



Chloride, Cl



–

2–

+

2+

Ag , Pb , Cu

Low Solubility

Soluble

All others +

2+

Phosphate, PO4

Carbonate, CO32– Sulphite, SO32–

Soluble

+

2+

2+

Ag , Ca , Sr , Ba , Pb

2+

+

Alkali ions, H , NH4+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

Low Solubility Soluble

Low Solubility

All others

+

Alkali ions, H , NH4+, Sr2+

Soluble

Low Solubility

All others

3–

Data Page 4

+

Hydrogen ion: H

Sulphide, S

or

+

All

Sulphate, SO42–

or

+

Alkali ions: Li , Na , K , Rb , Cs , Fr



or

Solubility of Compounds

All

Nitrate, NO3

or

Positive Ions (Cations)

+

Alkali ions, H , NH4 + All others

Soluble

Low Solubility

Chemistry 12

SOLUBILITY P RODUCT C ONSTANTS AT 25°C

Chemistry 12

Name

Formula

K sp

Barium carbonate

BaCO3

2.6 10–9

Barium chromate

BaCrO4

1.2 10

–10

Barium sulphate

BaSO4

1.1 10

–10

Calcium carbonate

CaCO3

5.0 10–9

Calcium oxalate

CaC2O4

2.3 10

Calcium sulphate

CaSO4

7.1 10

–5

Copper(I) iodide

CuI

1.3 10

–12

Copper(II) iodate

Cu(IO3) 2

6.9 10

–8

Copper(II) sulphide

CuS

6.0 10–37

Iron(II) hydroxide

Fe(OH )2

4.9 10–17

Iron(II) sulphide

FeS

6.0 10

–19

Iron(III) hydroxide

Fe(OH )3

2.6 10

–39

Lead(II) bromide

PbBr2

6.6 10

–6

Lead(II) chloride

PbCl2

1.2 10

–5

Lead(II) iodate

Pb( IO3)2

3.7 10

–13

Lead(II) iodide

PbI2

8.5 10

–9

Lead(II) sulphate

PbSO4

1.8 10

–8

Magnesium carbonate

MgCO3

6.8 10

–6

Magnesium hydroxide

Mg(OH) 2

5.6 10

–12

Silver bromate

AgBrO3

5.3 10–5

Silver bromide

AgBr

5.4 10

Silver carbonate

Ag2CO3

8.5 10

–12

Silver chloride

AgCl

1.8 10

–10

Silver chromate

Ag2CrO4

1.1 10

–12

Silver iodate

AgIO3

3.2 10–8

Silver iodide

AgI

8.5 10–17

Strontium carbonate

SrCO3

5.6 10

–10

Strontium fluoride

SrF2

4.3 10

–9

Strontium sulphate

SrSO4

3.4 10

–7

Zinc sulphide

ZnS

2.0 10

–25

–9

–13

Data Page 5

R ELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BRØNSTED- LOWRY ACIDS AND B ASES in aqueous solution at room temperature.

STRONG

Name of Acid

Perchloric Hydriodic Hydrobromic Hydrochloric Nitric Sulphuric Iodic

HIO 3

Hydrogen sulphate ion Phosphoric Hexaaquoiron ion, iron ( III ) ion Citric Nitrous Hydrofluoric Methanoic, formic

H2C 2O 4 H 2SO 3 HSO 4

−

H 3PO 4 Fe( H2 O)6

3+

H 3C 6H 5O 7 HNO 2 HF HCOOH 3+

Cr (H2 O )6

Benzoic

C6 H5 COOH

→ ← → ← → ← → ← → ← → ←

Ka

H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

very large

+ ClO4 − + I− + Br − + Cl− + NO 3 − + HSO 4 − + H + H2 O

very large very large very large very large very large 1.0

H + + IO 3 −

1.7 × 10 − 1

+

H + HC 2O 4 +

H + HSO 3 +

H + SO 4

−

5.9 × 10 − 2

−

1.5 × 10 − 2

2−

+

H + H 2PO 4

1.2 × 10 − 2 7.5 × 10 − 3

−

+ H + Fe( H2 O)5 (OH )2 + +

H + H 2C 6H 5O 7 +

−

−

H + NO 2 → H+ + F− ← → H + + HCOO − ← + 2+ → ← H + Cr( H2 O)5 (OH ) + − → ← H + C H COO 6

5

H 2O

Hydroxide ion

OH −

Ammonia

NH 3

+ − ← H + NH 2

Ethanoic, acetic Dihydrogen citrate ion Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion Carbonic (CO2 + H2 O ) Monohydrogen citrate ion Hydrogen sulphite ion Hydrogen sulphide Dihydrogen phosphate ion Boric Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic Phenol Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrogen peroxide Monohydrogen phosphate ion

Data Page 6

HC 2 O 4

CH 3COOH H 2 C 6 H 5O 7 − Al( H 2O) 6

3+

H2 CO3 HC6 H5 O 7 2

...