Completed Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

Prof. Graham...

Description

Chapter 1 ●

●

●

Media portrayal of sexuality - Media reflects and reproduces stereotypical and unequal gender roles. - Sexist and violent attitudes towards women. - Don’t portray consequences (e.g. of unprotected sex). Sexual orientation, cultural influences - Ancient Greece: Male-male relationships btwn older man and adolescent. (Sort of mentor. No adult males together though). - Sambians: Fluid sexuality across lifespan. What does “normal” mean? - Conforms to a group’s avg. patterns of behavior. - Sexual variation: Continuum, not categories. - Harmful sexual behaviors: Harmful to self or others. Masturbatory asphyxia, rape, child molestation, obscene calls.

○

○

○

Chapter 2 ●

●

●

Kinsey -- major research findings - Destroyed belief in American sexual innocence and virtue. - Discovered extraordinary diversity in sexual behaviors. - Reevaluated role of masturbation in a person’s sexual adjustment. - Found many people had sexual experiences with both males and females. - Rejected “normal/abnormal” dichotomy. - Published about sexual behavior in males and females. - Sexual behavior “Kinsey” scale. Masters and Johnson -- major research findings - Couple interested in treating sexual difficulties. - Revolutionized sex therapy by treating sexual problems as difficulties that could be treated using behavioral therapy. - Behavioral approach led to high increase in rate of successful treatment of sexual problems. Homosexuality in the DSM - 1973 – American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of psychological disorders.

○ ○

○

○

○

Chapters 3 & 4 ●

Major anatomical structures (male and female; genitals and breasts) - Females: ○ Mons Pubis: AKA mons veneris. Pad of fatty tissue that covers area of pubic bone below the navel. Covered in pubic hair. Rich in nerve endings.

○ ○

Clitoris: Center of sexual arousal. Cluster of nerves comprised of variety of internal/external parts. ■ Glans: Tip of the shaft. Most sensitive to stimulation. ■ Prepuce/Hood: Fold of skin covering clitoris when not aroused. ■ Corpora Cavernosa: Hollow chambers in crura (internal clitoral shaft branches) that swell with blood during arousal. Labia Majora: Two larger folds of flesh extending from mons pubis and enclosing the labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal entrance. Labia Minora: Smaller folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris to form the clitoral hood. Smooth, vary in size/shape, swell during arousal. Bartholin’s Glands: Secrete moisture during arousal (at vaginal opening). Vagina: Flexible, muscular structure extending 3-5in. back/upward from vaginal opening. Hymen: Membrane partially covering introitus (lower 3rd of vagina w/ most nerve endings). Grafenberg Spot: “G” spot, associated w/ sexual pleasure, sometimes w/ female ejaculate. ■ Skene’s Glands: Glands located on the wall of the vagina around the lower end of the urethra. Produce substance in female ejaculation (comes from blood plasma). Uterus: Womb. Thick-walled (3 layers), pear-shaped, muscular organ. Where fetuses develop. ■ Cervix: Small end of uterus at back of vagina. Contains mucous secreting gland. ■ Os: Opening in cervix leading to uterus. ■ Endometrium: Inner lining of the uterus. Rich in blood vessels. Thickens in response to hormones. Ovaries: Female gonad. Produce sex cells (gametes). Fallopian Tubes: Uterine tubes where

fertilization occurs. Urethra: Tube where urine passes. Breasts: Reproductive function: nourish offspring through lactation. ■ Areola: Ring of darkened skin surrounding nipple. ■ Alveoli: Small glands responsible for milk production. - Males: ○ Penis: Organ through which both sperm and urine pass. ■ Glans: Head of penis, rich in nerves. ■ Shaf: Center of penis. Contains corpora cavernosa, penile urethra, and corpus spongiosum. ■ Prepuce: AKA foreskin. Loose skin that covers the shaft of the penis and extends to cover the head. ■ Frenulum: Underside of penis, attaches foreskin to glans. ○ Scrotum: Pouch of skin that holds the testicles. ○ Corpus cavernosa: Crura in the shaft. Fill with blood during arousal. ○ Corpus spongiosum: Mass of erectile tissue alongside the corpus cavernosa. ○ Testicles: Male reproductive glands/gonads. ○ Seminiferous Tubules: Tubules within the testes containing sperm. ○ Epididymis: Duct behind the testes along which sperm passes to the vas deferens. ○ Spermatic Cord: Bundle of nerves, ducts, and blood vessels connecting the testes to the abdominal cavity. ○ Seminal Vesicle: Secrete a fluid making up ~60% of the seminal fluid. ○ Prostate: A gland that produces 30-35% of the seminal fluid in the ejaculated semen. ○ Cowper’s Gland: AKA bulbourethral gland. Secretes a thick, clear mucous prior to ejaculation. Sexual response cycle - Masters & Johnson - Excitement - Plateau - Orgasm - Resolution ○ ○

●

●

- Kaplan - Desire - Excitement - Orgasm - Vasocongestion: Concentration of blood in body tissues. - Myotonia: Increased muscle tension accompanying the approach of orgasm. - Tenting: Vagina/structures moving to accommodate penetration. Uterus elevates, lubrication appears, clitoris engorges with blood, labia minora and majora swell. - Orgasmic platform: Outer third of vagina swells and experiences contractions during orgasm. - Retrograde ejaculation: Experience orgasm without ejaculating. Sperm goes into bladder because bladder sphincter doesn’t contract. - Refractory period: Period following orgasm during which male isn’t capable of having ejaculation again. Homologous structures - Similar characteristics that are developed from the same cells in the developing female fetus.

Chapter 5 ●

●

● ● ●

●

Anatomical sex - Physical sex (gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, penis, etc.). Genetic sex - Chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristics (XX, XY, etc.) Assigned gender - Gender given by others, usually at birth. Gender identity - Internal sense of being male, female, etc. Transgender - Umbrella term for those whose gender identity/expression doesn’t match their assigned gender. Intersex - Variations in sex characteristics (chromosomes, gonads, genitals, etc.) that aren’t distinctly male or female. - Klinefelter Syndrome: Males have one or more extra X chromosomes. - Turner Syndrome: Female doesn’t have usual pair of 2 X chromosomes. - Mosaicism: Cells w/in the same person have a different genetic makeup. - Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: When a person’s genetically male but is resistant to male hormones or androgens. Can lead to little to no development of male body parts. Often

not diagnosed until failure to menstruate. - Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia: A group of inherited disorders of the adrenal gland. In women, have vagina & ovaries, but externally develops as male (enlarged clitoris). In boys, develop deep voice & large muscles early as age 2-3. - 5-alpha reductase deficiency: Condition where genetic male won’t produce enough of a hormone (dihydrotestosterone). Genetically male. Externally female genitals, ambiguous, or male w/ micropenis and hypospadias. - Hypospadia: Urethral opening on underside of penis.

●

Chapter 9 ●

Chapter 6 ●

●

Typical sexual behavior in children; parents’ reactions - Healthy psychological development essential for children to be comfortable w/ own bodies as adults. - Participate in sex play w/ others of own sex. - Masturbation healthy; negative responses magnifies guilt/anxiety. - Problematic when sexual behavior is intrusive, coercive, developmentally abnormal, or abusive. - Family nudity is contextual. - Accept/respect child’s body and nudity, don’t punish/humiliate curiosity, respect their privacy. Sex education (abstinence-only and comprehensive) - Comprehensive Sex Ed: Comprehensive lessons on sexuality and contraception. Strong evidence of positive impact. Delayed/reduced sexual activity, increased contraception use. - Abstinence Only Sex Ed: Teaches that abstinence (outside of marriage) is only way to avoid teen pregnancy and STI’s. Teaches that condoms aren’t effective. Receives $50 million in federal funds. No beneficial effects. Doesn’t delay sexual debut, makes people less likely to use contraception.

Chapter 7 ●

●

Kinsey and measuring sexual orientation - Unidimensional-Bipolar: Scale/spectrum (1-6) with heterosexual on one end and homosexual on the other. Bisexuality - Attraction to 2 genders (male & female).

Chapter 8 ●

Sexual communication - Often indirect, ambiguous, & nonverbal. - Key to discuss safe sex, contraception,

preferences, & limits. - Men continue to initiate sexual encounters and women feel more comfortable initiating as well. - Sexual initiations are more successful in longterm relationships than in new or dating relationships. Sexual consent - Verbal, conscious, clear and sober agreement for sexual activity.

●

Masturbation - Relax, relieve sexual tension, pleasure, when partner isn’t available, sleep aid, avoid STI’s. Behavior influenced by education, ethnicity, religion, & age. Prevalence of different sexual activity

Function of different sexual positions - Missionary: Male in control, highly stimulating for penis. - Cowgirl: Bottom partner has free hands, allows female to control movement. - Reverse Cowgirl: Woman can manually stimulate clitoris, greater potential for G-spot, visual stimulation for male. - Doggy Style: Good for females who are pregnant, GSpot potential, & thrusting enjoyable for males. - Side Positions: Hands free; requires less flexibility and athleticism. - Lotus: Sitting in each others laps; more of a sensual experience.

Chapter 10 ●

●

●

Paraphilias vs sexual variation - Paraphilia: Mental disorder characterized by recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies/urges/behaviors lasting at least 6 months. - Sexual Variation: Behaviors that are not statistically typical, occur in addition to the “mainstream” expression of sexuality; terms like atypical sexual behavior or kinky sex. Fetishism vs fetishistic disorders - Fetishism: Sexual attraction to objects that become, for the person with the fetish, sexual symbols. - Fetishistic disorder: The point where desire is tied exclusively to object/can’t enjoy sex without it, causes distress. Coercive vs noncoercive paraphilias - Coercive: Involve victimization; source of concern for harm. - Noncoercive: Regarded as relatively harmless b/c they’re victimless. Fetishism & transvestism.

●

● ●

●

●

Chapter 11 ●

● ●

●

●

●

Birth control vs contraceptives - Birth control: Means of preventing a birth from taking place. - Contraception: Prevention of conception (sperm & egg prevented from uniting). Hormonal methods Pill: - Reversible oral contraceptive that prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and thins uterine walls. - Pros: Effective, reduced menstrual flow, less acne, and more protection against osteoporosis and some cancers. - Cons: Spotting, changes in weight or sex drive, risks for blood clots. - Minipills (progestin only) -- continuous, less clot risk, more weight gain potential. Shot (Depo-Provera): - Injection of progestin used to prevent pregnancy for 12 weeks. - Pros: “Fire & forget,” no estrogen problems. - Cons: Requires doctor visit and can’t be discontinued quickly (side effects & ectopic pregnancy). Patch: - Thin, plastic, reversible transdermal that releases synthetic estrogen and progestin to protect against pregnancy for 1 month. - Similar pros & cons to the pill. Vaginal Ring:

●

●

●

- Small, flexible ring high into vagina every 28 days. - Pros: “Fire & forget” and more easily reversed. - Cons: Less effective for heavier women or women w/ weak pelvic floor muscles and hormonal side effects. Implants: - Thin, flexible, matchbook-sized plastic rods inserted under the skin of the upper arm that protects against pregnancy up to 3 years. - Cons: Clinician-dependent, progestin side effects. Barrier methods Male Condom: Thin, flexible sheath of rubber, polyurethane, or animal tissue that fits over a penis or toy to protect against STI’s and prevent semen from being transmitted. Female Condom: Loose-fitting, polyurethane pouch with a diaphragm-like ring at each end that lines the vagina and part of vulva (or used for anal) and protects against sperm and STI’s. Diaphragm: Rubber cup w/ a flexible rim placed deep inside the vagina and blocking the cervix to protect against sperm (or kill w/ spermicide). Sponge: Round, 2-in. plastic foam shield with a center pouch full of spermicide that covers the cervix (less effective for women who’ve given birth). Spermicide: - Substance that’s toxic to sperm (N-9). - Contraceptive foam (aerosol), contraceptive film (tissue that dissolves into sticky gel), creams, jellies, and suppositories. - Can lead to irritation which can allow more for STI’s. Considerations when choosing methods of contraception - Preferences or biases? - Advantages and disadvantages of each? - How convenient and easy are the methods? - Protect against STI’s if you’re at risk? - Effects on menses? - Is it important to negotiate it with your partner? - What other influences might affect your decision? - Discussed it with your healthcare provider?

Chapter 13 ●

Sexual rights of persons with disabilities - Should be same as for those w/out. - Sexual expression. - Privacy. - Info about & access to services.

●

●

●

- Choose marital status. - Choice of children or not. Detection of breast and testicular cancers and screening guidelines - Breast Cancer: ○ Detection Mammography screening, MRI, frequent exams, & early detection. ○ Treatment - Surgery to remove tumor (lumpectomy to mastectomy). - Seeing if cancer spread to lymph nodes under arm. - Restoring breast’s appearance. - Relieving symptoms of advanced cancer. Testicular cancer - Detection: Testicular exam (monthly). - Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, & chemotherapy. Cervical cancer and HPV - HPV most common cause. - Gardasil vaccine protects against viruses responsible for 70% of cervical cancer.

Chapter 14 ●

●

●

●

●

Sexual disorders and the sexual response cycle - Erectile Dysfunction: - Common causes are circulatory problems (diet, lifestyle, genetics), medications, & psychological (anxiety). - Strain gauge to determine if nocturnal erections occur. - Viagra, vacuum, or injections to help. - Treatment if permanent: Implants (pumps or rods). Premature Ejaculation: Decreases w/ age & experience. Use squeeze technique or start/stop technique. Genito-Pelvic Pain / Penetration Disorder: - Often psychological; could be infection, ulcer, etc. - Directed relaxation & masturbation using vaginal dilators moving toward presence of partner/intercourse. Priapism: Prolonged & painful erection (4+ hr.) occurring when blood unable to drain from penis. Cognitive performance anxiety and spectatoring - Performance anxiety: Anxiety about being unable to sexually perform. - Spectatoring: Person loses focus and becomes

●

spectator of own sexual performance. General focus of cognitive-behavioral sex therapy - Touch and the giving & receiving of pleasure.

Chapter 15 ●

●

●

Bacterial vs viral infections - Bacterial is curable (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia). - Viral is only treatable, not curable (Hepatitis, HPV, Herpes). Partner treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea - DoH has a partner treatment plan; take an antibiotic, refrain from sex for 7 days. Regular testing and how to know whether you are infection-free - Abstinence. - Practice sexual exclusivity. - Reduce risk during sexual intimacy. - Select partners carefully. - Avoid numerous partners. - Avoid injection and other drugs. - Get vaccinated. - Protect babies. - Be a good communicator.

Chapter 16 ●

●

Transmission of HIV - Sexual contact, sharing needles, exposure to blood, & born babies. ○ Body fluids - Blood, Cowper’s fluid, semen, vaginal secretions, & milk. ○ Sexual transmission (risks and methods) - Anal intercourse: Tearing & thin membrane. 1.4% receptive risk and . 06% insertive risk. - Vaginal Intercourse: Small cuts, urethra lining, vagina & cervix mucous membranes. .08% receptive risk and . 04% insertive risk. - Oral Sex: Low risk but higher if cuts/sores or semen in mouth. Sexual activity for HIV-positive individuals - Practice safe sex, disclose all information before sexual activity takes place, address all of your needs (don’t feel isolated).

Chapter 17 ●

Sexual harassment - Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or physical/verbal sexual contact that affects employment, interferes with work

●

●

●

performance, or creates a hostile work environment. Sexual aggression - Sexual activity performed against someone’s will through force, argument, pressure, alcohol, drugs, or authority. Rape kit - Collecting of forensic evidence after an assault. Things like clothes, finger nail scrapes and combing of hair. Asked every step of the way how invasive one wants to go. Rape prevention -- who has the responsibility for preventing sexual assault? - Survivor-focused: Tips to prevent being raped. - Rapist-focused: Emphasis not to rape others. - Active bystander: Tips to intervene and help possible victims.

Chapter 18 ●

Sexually explicit material - Hard to study, triggers deep and conflicting feelings about sexuality. Controversial. ○ Hardcore vs softcore - Hardcore: Contains graphic sexual activity and visible penetration. Sexual activity is real, not simulated. Become much more widely available since the growth of the internet. ○ Sofcore: Material that portrays sexual behaviors in a highly suggestive rather than an explicit way. ○

○

○

●

Femme porn - Sexually explicit material catering to women and hereosexual couples. Critiques - Hardcore often criticized for objectifying women, showing a distorted view of the human body, and presenting a limited view of sexuality. After viewing men more likely to be more aggressive towards women. - Softcore serves as integral part of popular culture.

Condom use - Often fails to depict condom use. - Recent California bill requiring actors to use condoms has resulted in a lot of pornography moving to other states. - Condoms only utilized in 10.9% of top rated scenes. Prostitution - Exchange of sexual behaviors (oral, intercourse, anal, BDSM, and obscene insults)

●

for money or goods. ○ Types of prostitutes - Streetwalkers: Soliciting on the streets. - Call girls: Advertising services, prearranged appointments. - Escorts: Higher-end prostitutes who may also specialize in social gatherings. - Brothels: Houses for prostitution, legal in some areas of U.S. - Kept boys: Young men financially supported for sexual services by an older “sugar daddy.” ○ Risks - High risks for arrest. Vulnerable to assault, abuse and rape. Often in poverty, drug addiction is common. Higher risk of HIV/AIDS and other STIs (injection drugs, numerous partners, no condom use). Human sex trafficking - Concern when pimps involved. - Still major issue in U.S....