CS100 Final Exam Notes PDF

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CS 100 Final Exam Review F18 34 multiple choice 5 short answer (6 marks each) David Nye Invention - A completely new technology. - Very rare. Innovation - New ways to make a previous technology useful Diffusion Projection New uses The work of designers, marketers, or innovative users adapting the technology into their lives. Ex: light bulb, invention. LED light belt, innovation Nye portrays: ● Nearly every invention has troubles. ● Technology is often used later on in life as something else ○ The best designs do not always win ○ He puts emphasis on the gap and the use. The Phonograph Predicted To Be Used - Phonograph: a record player -speaking doll or toys -clocks could call out the hour -advertisements on the street -delivering lectures -explaining how to get to next place -aid to biz men to dictate letters to their secretaries -“as a musical instrument” V —> when we predict the future, it is easier to predict what we are going to be technologically capable of, than for us to predict how we are going to want to do anything with it (socially) —> inventional usage of technology are determined but the investors and the public investors —> corporations -public reaction Nye -software is more profitable than hardware -the “best” design does not always win! In fact, it loses more often than it wins

-“quality” / usefulness and whether something spreads widely is not highly correlated -not a big connection between these two things -pricing is something to keep in mind as well The Hushaphone -unable to sell it -place over the microphone of the phone in order to prevent other people from hearing your conversation Prediction -people made predictions of what they think will occur in the 2000’s -some of them were proven to be true, others were not -things often counter in ways how we expect them to happen

Eisenstein (rise of the reading public) Scriptorium & Scribal culture ● A scriptorium was a room set apart for writing, especially one in a monastery where manuscripts were copied ● Books are an internal entity, without guidance to provenance. - WTF DOES THIS MEAN (IT MEANS YOU CAN’T TRACE THE BOOK BACK TO ITS ORIGIN) ○ Not necessarily listing the author's name ● Knowledge as a prerequisite ● Eisenstein asserts that "scribal culture was so thin that heavy reliance was placed on oral transmission... producing a hybrid half-oral half literate culture that has no precise counterpart today" Incunabula - Early editions of printed materials during the interval between 1450’s-1500. - Production ranged from 200-1000 copies - A book, pamphlet, or broadside printed in Europe before the year 1501 - First book printed was the Bible Books as commodities - From the free labor of monks to the wage of labor of lay copyists. - Books weren’t sold to anyone prior the printing press - The invention of the printing press led to change in accessing information, books didn’t have to be copied in the scriptorium anymore - Commodity is something that has a price on the open market - Information became a commodity - After 1500s, merchants begin to sell books - Instead of half literate, half oral, silent reading became the norm Mass audiences (Rise of the Reading Public) ● Enabled people to flaunt their worldliness through literature

● People became more literate ● Political debates could be published, political ideas could be published, ideas became more democratic ● Pop culture arrives, people publish fiction books in local languages ● Church services would tell the news, what God wants you to know and political news; however, news gathering went outside of church with print ● News began to come from the public ● Instead of only gathering at the church, coffee houses became popular ● Threats to the control/power of the church Postman Childhood and literacy - Understanding childhood is through literacy & the printing press Child was seen as “helpless” and needed things done for them Teenager: figuring it out, angsty - For centuries a child was not an adult - The precious child - We have an idea of childhood as precious - Often seen through the public eye - The small adult’ - Old drawn pictures of children - given adult features with a weird baby head - Suggests childhood as its own stage of life, emerges as a result of the printing press. - how do we start defining the periods of life? - adolescents was developed in the 20th century - according to Neil Postman, the period of childhood was created in the 15th century - childhood is precious - in the middle ages children were drawn and painted with adult proportions - he suggests that childhood as its own separate stage of life emerged as a result of print culture - “we say, then, that the intellectual condition of Europe in the mid 15th century made the printing press necessary” (25) - “Postman views children as miniature adults, constantly failing at performing adult tasks properly, and were not to be heard from until mature enough to act like adults” -clicker answer - He believes technology changed institutional structures as well as ideas, beliefs and even habits of thought - “The printing press gave us our selves, intensified sense of self which was the seed leading to the flowering of childhood”1 -

He argued that communication technologies such as television resulted in the disappearance of childhood and erased boundaries of knowledge between children and

adults slowly becoming indistinguishable ex. Sesame street didn’t encourage children to love school but to love television Social Condition Pre Press -alphabetic writing system -manuscript tradition —> knowledge that there were famous older scripts that would be worth writing -paper manufacturing —> 200 years of papering manufactured on a regular basis -literate scribes —> multiple people could learn how to read and write. Literacy was able to spread The Social And Cultural Conditions That Made The Printing Press Necessary In The Eyes of Postman -*revival of classical culture* -trendy at this time to look back at ancient Greece and Rome and think about these cultures and societies -the trendiness of learning, being well versed in ancient cultures, drove the demand for access to these works of literature -*growth of commerce* -as economic opportunity expanded, people needed to gain easier access to contracts -*age of exploration* - people started leaving Europe on ships to explore other parts of the world - a period when there was the idea that if you knew information about where to go, that one could raise their family from being a lower level aristocrat to being a higher aristocrat - one could go out there and make a name in the world

Carter Technological development across cultures Carter: Chinese block printing. -

Writing from stones to hemp paper and pieces of fiber put together which was made from a pasten Bamboo pens, ink on slips of wood Wood - short length writing, bamboo - longer writing Rag paper invented in China in 20th century Arabs taught Spanish and Italians how to produce paper in the 13th century Stone inscriptions, stencils, pounces, textiles Stone rubbing was a main preparation for printing Stencil / pounces was key as it was used in reproducing documents (writing) Textiles consisted of different colours (2) and designs Mystery of when block printing was started - unknown

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Block print earliest recorded document was 770 in Japan First recorded book was in 886 in China

Standard inexpensive paper: 1st century AD in China (Chinese block printing) 12th century AD in Europe. (EU pre-print`: Scriptorium) o Roles: Author, o Manuscript. Printing. 8th century AD in China (block printing) 15TH century AD in Europe (printing press)

Graff: Early Modern Literacies Reformation and printing press - Interactions of illiterate and literate people in a literate world - Two significant developments of reformation: the printing press and the use of the vernacular. - Reformation triggered by the “publication” of Martin Luther's ninety-five theses, increasing dissatisfaction with the church. - Church encouraged people to not read the vernacular, if they interpreted if on their own, they may leave the church and take away its power. Information flows, not just through media, but through the life it has after ~ Book peddler from city to country, University student bringing new info to home town ~ Written word become spoken words John Thompson Origins of modern news John B. Thompson: -

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print development transformed patterns of communication in early modern Europe: gave rise to periodical publications which reported events & conveyed information of political & commercial character 4 types of pre-print communication networks: network controlled by catholic church; network established by political authorities of states & principalities; network within business community & between major trading centres; network of merchants, pedlars & travelling entertainers (storytellers/ballad singers) · network controlled by catholic church: enabled papacy in Rome to maintain contact with clergy & political elites dispersed throughout the loosely knit realm of Christendom

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· network established by political authorities of states & principalities: operated both within territories of particular states (facilitating administration & pacification) and between states, which maintained some form of diplomatic communication with one another · network within business community & between major trading centres: linked to expansion of commercial activity; resulted when trade & manufacturing increased · network of merchants, pedlars & travelling entertainers (storytellers/ballad singers): individuals gathered in places/taverns & interacted w merchants & travelers; ppl picked up news about events which took place in distant locales 4 networks affected by 2 key developments: 1. Regular postal services; 2. Application of printing to production & dissemination of news · Regular postal services: led to postal network & common carrier services for domestic & foreign post · Application of printing to production & dissemination of news: provided individuals w/ a valuable source of information about current & distance events

Tom Standage -- “The Victorian Internet” Chapter 14: Telegraphy – The Victorian Internet (Standage) Tom Standage: science/technology journalist -

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Pony Express: mail delivery system involving horse & rider relays; ended by invention of telegraph; was an organizational development, not technological; riders couldn't weigh more than 125 pounds; water & revolver; dangerous job; wild west mentality (young person with not much to lose); no one over 18 years old; the only link between East & West in USA; get information in 10-16 days Telegraph & Network: extended more rapidly than any other invention of modern times; growth of was explosive & made it almost impossible to keep track of its size; was expensive, so only rich could afford to use network & majority of ppl used it to convey /important/urgent news; Electric telegraph was associated with railways (Railroads and telegraph lines were being built at the same time- Enforced together); telegraph lines meant that msgs could be sent instantaneously; Speed- Telegraph is much faster than earlier forms (Information can be sent instantaneously); replaced pony express; did not require consumer to own any special equipment; Needs an operator to put the message through the line to be received · Go into telegraph company office; fill form with postal address of recipient & msg expressed as briefly as possible · msgs were charged by word & by distance from sender to receiver · msg was handed to clerk, who transmitted it up the line · once received at nearest telegraph office, msg was transcribed on paper slip & taken on foot by a messenger boy directly to recipient

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People didn’t realize that it was electrical- the piece of paper on the board was the message; People thought you could send real objects (Like food); When people received the message they didn’t believe it came from the person who sent because it wasn’t in their handwriting; People couldn’t comprehend that a message could be sent a very far distance in electrical signals Experiments w/ sending messages along underwater telegraph cables started since the earliest days of electric telegraphy · 1st underwater telegraph: rubber-coated wire encapsulated inside lead pipe; water used as the conductor; message was sent across NY; rubber deteriorated quickly in water & would not be able to last across seabed of the English Channel to France · 2nd underwater telegraph: used gutta-percha to replace rubber; was expensive; was ideal for insulating cables; wire was meant to spool out of boat’s stern and steam across channel & telegraph instruments would be connected at each end; wire was too thin to sinks & instead floated behind the boat; clamped weights around wire at regular intervals to make it sink; first sms sent from England to France using this method came out as gibberish; cable worked; msgs were garbled b/c surrounding water changed cable’s electrical properties (staccato pulses of electricity were smoothed out); high speed automatic machines transmitted so fast that pulses overlapped & became indistinct · 3rd underwater telegraph: gutta-percha covered wires twisted together & wrapped in tar-covered hemp; encased in a cladding of tar-covered iron chords; tougher than first cable & weighed 30x more; was hard to control; this was the way of the first public underwater telegraph abilities; First message from England to France sent in 1852 Problem of laying telegraph network across water was solved: cable needed proper insulation, to be strong so it didn’t break, to be heavy enough to sink, and msgs couldn’t be sent too quickly Postal service:First postal service: Louis XL in france 1464; 15th to 17th centuries: partial postal service proliferate; 17th to 18th centuries: individual services link up for “common carrier service”; Partial postal service- partial coverage- King says my service is only in particular areas; Early postal service was slow, not too useful, people in a mass scale couldn’t get information easily; Building underwater cable networks

James Carey – “Time, Space, and the Telegraph” Telegraph & standardized time - Telegraph marked the decisive separation of transportation and communication - Basically you could now communicate without having a physical object needed to be transported - Telegraph allowed for symbols to move independently across land and move faster in time Telegraph and commodities markets/ speculation/ arbitrage

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“The telegraph started to change the use of time contracts, as well as arbitrage. By widely transmitting knowledge of prices and crop conditions, it drew markets and prices together.” (Pg. 128) The movement of commodities out of space and into time had consequences (pg 129) - Price info had to be relayed by messengers → destroyed temporal identity of markets / monopoly of knowledge was created -

Futures trading required the de-contextualization of markets Development of futures trading depended on the ability to trade or circulate negotiable instruments of independently of the actual physical movement of goods - Impersonalized standards Sousa, Edison & the phonograph (record player) John Philip Sousa - 1906 ● John Philip Sousa feels that the phonograph is awful ○ Nervous about the new technology ○ Not happy about it ○ He believes it is a FAD ○ Does not believe people will listen to music this way ○ Mark to deterioration of american music taste ○ Copyright violation - loss of musicians moral rights ● Writer of marching band style music ● Successful famous composer ● Now in the 20th century comes these talking & playing machines ○ Mechanical reproduction ○ Artist will lose their talent ● More Doom ○ Idea that people will lose their souls due to the phonograph ○ Sounds of machines is now what people believe is music ● Loss? ○ Technological shift -

“I foresee a marked deterioration in American music and musical taste, an interruption in the musical development of the country, and a hst” Phonographic Reproduction and Soul “and now, in this the 20th century, come these talking and playing machines, and offer again to reduce the expression of music” Musical ability lost “There are more pianos, violins, guitars, mandolins, and banjos More Doom “Then what of the national throat?

Thomas Edison Attitudes towards the phonograph at its birth and after its adoption Keller “Photojournalism” Photography’s integration into journalism Early photojournalism 1820s- technology of camera photography 1890s- photo journalism Key: The *disconnect* between technological possibility and the structure.

What made photojournalism viable use of reproduction technology: Halftone illustration reproduction More outlets Development of hand-held (small, fast) cameras, leaving tripods behind More subjects, including the trivial New agency development More coverage "a point is reached where no important event can take place without extensive photographic coverage" Style of photo journalism - What should a news photograph look like? - Collaboration between photographers and editors Feeling about photojournalism rise Harper’s Weekly: "we can't see the ideas for the illustration. Our world is simply flooded with them"

Sontag “On Photography” Photography’s integration into family life - To photograph is to appropriate the thing behind being photographed - appropriate= to take something - Taken the moment and preserved it - “ there is an aggression implicit in every use of the camera” Value - A photo of something being displayed has little to no value vs. what is being photographed for art can be worth millions Taking a photo of someone - Either do or don’t want to have their photo taken

- Consent is everything Evidence - Heart shape on a dog’s fur - Guns and drugs Writing vs. Photo - “while a painting or prose description can never be other than a narrowly selective interpretation, a photograph can be treated as a narrowly selective transparency” - You don’t need to be literate to understand a photograph - Photos tell a story similar to a novel or piece of writing but lacks the ability of literacy to understand how someone is feeling in the photo or the mood of it Reality vs. Interpretation - Famous lady gets “tricked” into looking a little crazy on camera to help argument in a magazine - Getting closer to the lens and tweaking the focus can make your face look different Cameras into Everyday life - Documenting family, growth of your children, etc. Social Context - Nuclear family as a dominant social unit - Multi-generations under one roof model in decline - Documenting from one another Experience as Photographer Photography vs. Painting - Painting a scene vs taking a photo would look very different, the photo would turn out realistic, whereas the painting would turn out to be a variation on reality Truth, experience, and photography Stephen Kern “Wireless World” Wireless and the Titanic Titanic 4/15/12 Wireless telegrapher on Titanic Hear morse code and know what exactly is being written without going back and forth checking Allowed for easier contact with other boats People could be saved if stranded (Titanic allowed for this idea to prosper) Easy to transfer news to boats Human Experience and the telegraph/phone ● Right now; The present ○ Kerns quote: "The telegraph…combined together almost at one moment… the opinions of the whole intelligent world with respect to everything that is passing at that time upon the face of the globe" (208) ○ Says it’s possible to be physically present in two places at once

■ "it focused the attention of the inhabitants of an entire city on a single experience, regulated their lives, according to the program schedules, and invaded their privacy with an emergency single that enabled the station to ring every subscriber when special news broke" ● Prediction in 1892 ○ "it will take a century for people to be able to read a dozen square yards of newspapers dail...