Cultura: CEX 4 Mapping the four Nations PDF

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CEX 4: MAPPING THE FOUR NATIONS THE UNITED KINGDOM, GREAT BRITAIN, ENGLAND, AND ALL THAT The United Kingdom is called ‘a country of countries’ because it contains several nations (Wales, England, Scotland and Northern Ireland). His full name is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Usually people confuse England with the United Kingdom as a whole because it’s the largest and most populous of the nations, and also it contains the defacto capital city (London). Another fact is that all the inhabitants of United Kingdom are ‘British’ because Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland don’t have their own passports. Apart from the two principal islands (Ireland and Great Britain, the bigger ones) there are other islands: in Scotland there are Hebrides, Shetland Islands, Orkney Islands and Isles of Clyde; in England there is the Isle of Wight; and in Wales there is the Isle of Anglesey. Ireland is an isle which contains two countries: the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland that is a UK’s nation. The Irish people come from the Republic of Ireland not from Northern Ireland. Difference between ‘United Kingdom’, ‘Great Britain’ and ‘England’: Great Britain is a Geographical term, in other words, Great Britain is the name of the largest island of the British Isles. There are three nations on this island: Scotland, Wales and England. So England is a nation, the largest of Great Britain and also of the United Kingdom. Finally the United Kingdom is the name of the country where England stands. There are four nations that conform the United Kingdom: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England. THE FOUR NATIONS Scholars increasingly agree that the domestic history of the British and Hibernian Isles (sometimes known as the Atlantic Archipelago) can only be understood in terms of an analysis on the basis of the four constituent ethnicities of those islands (Irish, Scottish, Welsh and English). This is known as the four-nations approach. Country and State are synonymous terms that both apply to self-governing political entities. A nation, however, is a group of people who share the same culture but do not have sovereignty.

There are four flags for each nation of the UK (that has also its own flag), the flag of the Republic of Ireland and also the F¡flag of the Isle of Man and the flags of the Channel Islands flags. To form the ‘Union Flag’ three flags have come together: the English, Scottish and Northern Irish flags.

The floral nation emblems are: the rose for England; the shamrock for Ireland; the daffodil for Wales; and the thistle for Scotland.

Nationalities: ADJECTIVE:  English NOUN:  Englishman / Englishwoman

 cottish ADJECTIVE: S  NOUN: Scotsman / Scotswoman ADJECTIVE:  Welsh NOUN:  Welshman / Welshwoman ADJECTIVE:  Northern Irish  NOUN: Northern Irishman/ Irishwoman PART 1: ENGLAND Capital: London (7,556,900 pop.) (13,945,000 metro) Other major cities: Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool Official Language: English Area: 130,395 km2 Population: 55,268,100 (2016 est.) Population density: 415/km2 For geographical and historical reasons, England has been traditionally regarded as the ‘core’ nation, with Scotland, Wales and Ireland/Northern Ireland in its periphery. Unlike Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, England is the only nation in the British Isles which is governed exclusively by the Government and the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Natural Landmarks: Cheviot Hills, Cliffs of Dover (an old important port and it also has a symbolic value in Britain as a guard), Crummock Water (Lake District) and Pennie Way. Cityscapes: Birmingham, Liverpool, Bath and Stratford-upon-Avon. Inside London there is a ‘neighbourhood’ called City of London, it is a commercial district. The City of London with 32 neighbourhoods more conform the Greater London, that is London. London is a capital with two mayors: the Mayor and the Lord Mayor. The first one are the Mayor of London and the second one (the Lord Mayor of London) rules the City of London. The actual Mayor of London is Sadiq Khan and the Lord Mayor of London is Peter Estlin. Interesting Facts: King Arthur was born in Tintagel (England) PART 2: SCOTLAND Capital: Edinburgh Largest city: Glasgow Official Language: English, Gaelic, Scots Area: 78,772 km2 Population: 5.4 million Population density: 65/km2

English monarchs tried to incorporate the Kingdom of Scotland to the English crown beginning in the late 13th century – initially by war, eventually through dynastic developments. In 1603 James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne as James I of England. However, England and Scotland remained separate countries until 1707, when the Scottish Act of Union abolished the Scottish Parliament and established representation at Westminster. In 1998, in the so-called Devolution process, the Scottish parliament was re-established, but only with limited powers. Natural and Cultural Landmarks: Ben Nevis (the highest point of the UK), Loch Ness, Rannoch Moor and Glenfinnan Viaduct. Cityscapes: Inverness, Aberdeen, Glasgow and St. Andrews. Edinburgh is also called the ‘Athens of the North’ because of Calton Hill’s monuments, they are similar to Athens buildings. PART 3: WALES Capital: Cardiff Other major cities: Swansea, Newport Official Language: English, Welsh Area: 20,779 km2 Population: 3.12 million Population density: 151/km2 1284: Wales is permanently conquered and incorporated into the English crown. 1301: King Edward I of England grants his son (Edward II) the title of Prince  of Wales. 1485: Henry VII Tudor becomes the first English king of Welsh descent. 1535: Henry VIII incorporates Wales into the English legal and administrative system. First ‘Act of Union’. 1998: The Government of Wales Act established the Brief virtual tour Welsh National Assembly. Natural and Historic Landmarks: Brecon Beacons National Park, Offa’s Dyke, Beaumaris Castle (Anglesey) and Tintern Abbey. Cityscapes: Cardiff Castle, Cardiff University and Cardiff Bay. Interesting Facts:  Cardiff castle was set by Normands, the duke of Normandy was imprisoned thet by his brother Henry I and it was an important settlement for the wars. PART 4: NORTHERN IRELAND Capital: Belfast Other large cities: Londonderry, Lisburn, Newtonabbey Official Language: English Area: 13,600 km2

Population: 1.8 million Population density: 133/km2 ● ● ● ●

Northern Ireland was established in 1  922 when the south of the island became the Irish Free State. The six Ulster counties had a Protestant, Unionist majority who refused to join a Catholic-dominated independent Ireland. The Northern Irish Parliament sat from 1921 to 1972, when the Troubles led the British government to suspend Northern Irish autonomy. In 1998 the British and Irish governments signed the Good Friday Agreement and self-government was restored (on and off) to Northern Ireland’s Assembly at Stormont.

Natural and Historic Landmarks: Giant’s Causeway, Slemish Mountain, Rathlin Island and Londonderry Walls. From Troubled City to Titanic City… One of the cultural highlights of Belfast are its over 2,000 murals. Some depict paramilitaries in balaclavas, some remember "martyrs" of both sides of the political divide. They used to demark old zones of loyalty and were a form of communication when the media was tightly controlled. 2013 marked the centenary of the sinking of the Titanic, made in a Belfast shipyard. The city took the opportunity to refashion itself as ‘Titanic City’, complete with a redeveloped ‘Titanic quarter’ and a futuristic museum on the site of the old shipyards. The Legend Behind the Giant’s Causeway… The story goes that the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn MacCool), from the Fenian Cycle of Gaelic mythology, was challenged to a fight by the Scottish giant Benandonner. Fionn accepted the challenge and built the causeway across the North Channel so that the two giants could meet. In one version of the story, Fionn defeats Benandonner. In another, Fionn hides from Benandonner when he realises that his foe is much bigger than he is. Fionn's wife, Oonagh, disguises Fionn as a baby and tucks him in a cradle. When Benandonner sees the size of the 'baby', he reckons that its father, Fionn, must be a giant among giants. He flees back to Scotland in fright, destroying the causeway behind him so that Fionn would be unable to chase him down....