ICMA CEX 12 - Apuntes 12 PDF

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CEX con Marta Ramon...

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ICMA CEX 12.The making of the Canadian Mosaic It was the first nation that was considered multicultural. Three main groups: natives, conquerors and inuits.     

First Nations have been living in Canada since 12,000 years Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608 France had to cede Canada in 1763, Treaty of Paris (end to both Seven Years’ War and Indian War) Britain’s North American colonies united and became the Dominion of Canada in 1867, by means of the British North America Act. The process of “patriation” in Canada was completed in 1982 the Canada Act of the British Parliament ended the necessity to request Britain’s consent for certain kinds of amendments to the Canadian Constitution.

1. British settlement. In 1665, two French traders approached Prince Rupert with a proposal to reach the furtrapping lands of inner Canada from the North via Hudson Bay. On 2nd May 1670, Charles II granted his cousin’s company a charter giving it exclusive trading rights in the territory traversed by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay. 2. French settlement In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established a settlement at Quebec (limited success, there were more English settlers than French) France yielded its colony to England in the Treaty of Paris (1673) Canada: a history of two languages   

Bilingualism Two solitudes Loyalty to the conquerors who humiliated them

Map: First Nations Two approaches to cultural content: Natives were dispossessed of their land -Cultural syncretism: the Metis, people of mixed European (mostly French) and Indigenous ancestry. This is not only the result of a dual heritage but rather a matter of possessing a singular cultural heritage of dual origins -Cultural assimilation: (not positive) “Helping” Aboriginal children (who were ripped from their families) relinquish their “Indian status”. At schools, children were taught English and were forced to adopt Christianity and Canadian Customs. Physical and sexual abuse that lead to trauma. This created a lack of identity. In 2008, the Government apologized. Early European immigrants: Irish immigrants began to arrive in Canada after the Great Potato Famine (1846-1852), they were the largest ethnic group in Canada during some years. Populating the west:

Canadian Government decided to open the Canadian West to white European settlers after Confederation in 1869. The program included a massive advertising campaign partially supported by railway companies. All in all, two million people arrived in Canada between 1869 and 1914.

Anti-immigration legislations: Restrictive legislations gradually expanded the categories of “prohibited” immigrants. Preventing Chinese immigrants, refusing the settlement of Asian women, prevent the expansion of “yellow peril”, Chinese Exclusion Act. Removal of racial and ethnic barriers after the Second World War: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, refugees from the Vietnam War and Jewish Holocaust survivors were welcome. Refugees made up 25% of the Canadian population. Turning Point: the 1967 Act A Points System judged immigrants on qualification such as language and skills All these changes in immigrant legislations lead Canada to be the first country in the world to adopt the Multiculturalism as an official policy in 1971. Multiculturalism reflects the cultural and racial diversity of Canadian society....