Cultura: CEX 7 Scotland Cultural Icons and Historical Landmarks PDF

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CEX 7: SCOTLAND: CULTURAL ICONS AND HISTORICAL LANDMARKS SCOTTISH CULTURAL ICONS

Rob Roy

Scott Monument

Speyside Whiskey distillery

Mackintosh design

Sean Connery

The Highlands: a Scottish iconic landscape

“My heart ’s in the Highlands” Robert Burns (1759–1796) My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here; My heart's in the Highlands a-chasing the deer; A-chasing the wild-deer, and following the roe, My heart's in the Highlands wherever I go. Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North, The birth-place of Valour, the country of Worth; Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, The hills of the Highlands for ever I love. Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow; Farewell to the straths and green valleys below; Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods; Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here; My heart's in the Highlands a-chasing the deer; A-chasing the wild-deer, and following the roe, My heart's in the Highlands wherever I go.

Auld Lang Syne (1788)

Robert Burns (1759-1796)

Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And never brought to mind? Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And auld lang syne!

Robert Burns, more commonly known as Rabbie, published his work in the Scottish Dialect. In spite of the assimilationist political atmosphere and of his protonationalist political ideas and dissolute morals, he became a charismatic figure and a cultural icon of Scotland. His birth anniversary is celebrated in the annual Burns Night.

Chorus.-For auld lang syne, my jo, For auld lang syne. We'll tak a cup o' kindness yet, For auld lang syne. And surely ye'll be your pint stowp! And surely I'll be mine! And we'll tak a cup o'kindness yet, For auld lang syne. For auld, &c. We twa hae run about the braes, And pou'd the gowans fine; But we've wander'd mony a weary fit, Sin' auld lang syne. For auld, &c. …

Burns’ Cottage

Scotland’s national anthem O Flower of Scotland, When will we see Your like again, That fought and died for, Your wee bit Hill and Glen, And stood against him (against Who?), Proud Edward's Army, And sent him homeward, Tæ think again. The Hills are bare now, And Autumn leaves lie thick and still, O'er land that is lost now, Which those so dearly held, That stood against him (against who?), Proud Edward's Army, And sent him homeward, Tæ think again.

Thistle (the national flower of Scotland)

Those days are past now, And in the past they must remain, But we can still rise now, And be the nation again, That stood against him (against who?), Proud Edward's Army, And sent him homeward, Tæ think again. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND I.

Early Scotland

1st Century AD – Romans seized much of Britain. In order to protect their territory from the Picts they built the Antonine and Hadrian's Walls. The area north of the latter was called Caledonia. 5th -7th c. AD – Scotland is converted to Christianity by Irish-Scots missionaries associated with figures such as St Columba. This led the Pict kingdoms to adopt the Gaelic language and customs. 9th c. AD – The Viking invasions forced the Picts, the Scots, the Britons and the (Scottish) Anglo-Saxons to unite under King Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin, c. 810-858) and form the Kingdom of Scotland.

II.

Scotland in the Middle Ages

1295 – ‘Auld Alliance’ established between the Scots and the French against England. 1296-1328 – First War of Independence. King Edward I of England invades Scotland. Scots led by W  illiam Wallace try to throw off English influence. 1306 – R  obert the Bruce crowns himself King of Scotland. 1314 – Scotland defeats the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. Warfare against England continued throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. III.

Renaissance, religious and political strife

As in the rest of Europe, Reformation and religious conflicts were crucial for Scotland’s transition into the Modern Age. 1528 – Scottish Protestant Reformer Patrick  Hamilton burned at the stake in St. Andrews by Archbishop Beaton for heresy. 1557 – The Lords of the Congregation sign a covenant to make Scotland  a Protestant country. 1559 – John  Knox returns from his exile on the continent. 1560 – Parliament abolishes the jurisdiction of the Pope in Scotland and forbade the celebration of Mass in Scotland. IV.

Unification

1603 – The House of Stuart is enthroned in England as James VI of Scotland is appointed by Elizabeth I to succeed her and becomes James I of England. Ever since, the two kingdoms have been ruled by one monarch. 1688 – King James VII and II is overthrown in the so called Glorious  Revolution. He was succeeded by William and Mary. 1707 – The T  reaty of Union, ratified in two Acts of Union by the Parliaments of England and Scotland led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the parliamentary union of England with Scotland. As a consequence the Scottish Parliament was dissolved, but Scotland retained its own legal and education systems. 1715 – First Jacobite uprising under James Francis E. Stuart.

1745-46 – The second Jacobite uprising aimed at putting Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie“, on the British throne ends in defeat at the Battle  of Culloden. V.

Decline and revival of highland culture

1746 – The British government, in an effort to crush the Clan system and assimilate the Scottish Highlands, passed the Act of Proscription. A related Dress Act forbade the use of “highland clothing” or tartan: penalties ranged from six-month imprisonment to transportation. 1780s-1850 – Highland  Clearances: in order to make room for sheep-farming, Highland tenants were ‘cleared’ off the land and forced into migration mostly abroad. More than 100,000 people are estimated to have been evicted at the time. This diaspora enabled the expansion of Scottish, and more specifically, Highland culture across the world. VI.

Tartan and 19th c. politics

1822 – On advice from Scots novelist Sir Walter Scott, George IV appears in Highland dress in his visit to Edinburgh. Though heavily criticized by his Scottish contemporaries, this political appropriation of tartan was intended as a way of strengthening of the bonds between the Crown and Scotland. 1845-7 – James Logan’s The Clans of the Scottish Highlands, Illustrated by Appropriate Figures, Displaying Their Dress, Tartans, Arms, Armorial Insignia, and Social Occupations, from Original Sketches …. published in London. 1837-1901 – Queen Victoria’s reign. In Victorian times tartan was circulated as a romanticized stereotype of things Scottish. That did not mean that true Scottish values and traditions were preserved. On the contrary, Scotland was washed out by a tide of Anglicization. THE SCOTTISH QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE I.

The rise of nationalism

1934 – Scottish National Party (SNP) is founded through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party. 1942-45 – The SNP campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription. 1950 – S  tone of Destiny (An Lia Fàil) was stolen from Westminster Abbey by four Scottish students and taken back to Scotland for the first time since it was looted by Edward I's army in 1296. Amid public outcry, the Stone was found and returned to London. 1975 – First North Sea oil is produced. Nationalists claim ‘It’s Scotland’s oil!’

1979 – A referendum on Scottish devolution shows a narrow majority in favour, but it is defeated: Parliament had set a condition that 40% of the registered electorate should vote "Yes" in order to make it valid. The SNP experiences an electoral decline during the 1980s. II.

The rise of nationalism

1989 – The introduction of the Poll Tax by Margaret Thatcher's government caused lots of discontent and helped revive the Scottish independence movement. 1996 – Stone of Destiny formally returned to Scotland by the British Government and put on display at Edinburgh Castle. 1997 – A new devolution referendum shows overwhelming support for a separate Scottish Parliament with tax-raising powers. 2004 – The new Parliament Building (by Catalan architect Enric Miralles) was opened at Holyrood, Edinburgh. Miralles said he crafted a building "sitting in and growing out of the land of Scotland“. III.

From devolution to secession?

2011 – SNP led by First Minister Alex Salmond wins a majority in the 129-member parliament with 69 seats to Labour's 37, leading to Scotland's first majority government. Oct 2012 – Edinburgh Agreement is signed by Salmond and British Prime Minister David Cameron paving the way for a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014. Sept 18, 2014 – Referendum for independence.

SCOTLAND AND BREXIT QUAGMIRE Scotland’s vote on BREXIT...