Endocrine Concept Map: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) PDF

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Summary

Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Diagnosis, Signs & Symptoms, Complications, Assessment, Medications, Patient education/Risk factors, and treatment...

Description

Endocrine Concept Map: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diagnosis - Complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids (ketones). This happens when the body is unable to produce enough insulin. Signs/Symptoms - Polydipsia (increased thirst), polyuria (increased urination), fruity breath (acetone breath odor), dry mucous membranes, sunken eyeballs (signs of dehydration), nausea/vomiting, kussmaul respirations, abdominal pain/rigidity, hypotension, oliguria (minimal urine output), anuria (no urine output which is a LATE sign), stupor/coma (LATE sign) Complications - Hypokalemia (which can lead to life threatening cardiac dysrhythmias), cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, damage to kidneys due to fluid loss, metabolic alkalosis Assessment/Diagnosis - Assessment: ketone levels must be checked through urine or blood test with ketone strips as well as blood glucose levels (through finger stick) - Diagnosis: Blood electrolyte tests, urinalysis, chest X-Ray, electrocardiogram Medications - Rapid acting insulin: Bring high blood glucose levels down - Rapid acting insulin SE: hypoglycemia (headache, nausea, hunger, confusion, cold clammy skin, tremors, tachycardia, sweating, drowziness) - Electrolyte supplements (potassium chloride): Treats low potassium levels - Potassium Chloride SE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - Fluid replacement: Rehydrates - Fluid replacement SE: must be careful not to give too much fluid at too fast of a rate to avoid hypervolemia Patient education/risk factors - Education: commit to managing your diabetes! Monitor blood glucose levels appropriately, eat plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and avoid foods high in fats. Daily moderate exercise can help control weight there for helping control glucose levels. - Risk factors: consistently high blood glucose levels, missing insulin doses, infection, excessive alcohol consumption, undiagnosed diabetes Treatment - Maintain healthy glucose levels by taking insulin as prescribed on time - IV fluid replacement to treat dehydration - Use of electrolyte supplements

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