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ASSIGNMENT/ASSESSMENT ITEM COVER SHEET Student Name: FIRST NAME

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Course Title Social development and the environment

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A B C D 1 2

Intro to University

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Campus of Study: Macquarie)

Callaghan

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Essay

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25/5/18 6pm

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In the western world, it is said that “we use science as our tool to find out about...Reality” (Bradley, 2001: p. 295) in contrast to the approach of aboriginal Australians who take on a holistic view of the environment and hence why there are diverse meanings of what management of a landscape is. In this essay, I will firstly discuss the differing considerations of the world and Australia and secondly, I will address the current attempts of overcoming these differences through efforts to collaborate with co management of land and indigenous protection areas. The country we live in is multi-cultural and therefore the way it is interpreted will be different. Understanding the central differences between Indigenous worldviews and Western worldviews is an integral part of accomplishing cultural agreement and respectful. A worldview is beliefs and values that are respected by a group of people. These beliefs can include land, animals, and people. The reason that world views differ is usually due to the way people are brought up. For example, the indigenous Australians have grown up in a spiritually orientated society that is intrinsically connected to the land and focusses on the Dreaming stories and kinship roles. However, western society holds a sceptical approach and needs scientific evidence to back up beliefs. This concept is further developed by (Bradley, 2001) when he says “the western viewpoint of management is a one way process” in contrast to “the Yanyuwa negotiation is a two way interaction for people and country”. For Aboriginals Australians happiness is connected by the health of the environment and how actively involved they are in caring for it. The Yanyuwa people are described by (Bradley, 2001) as viewing their home as “an enlivened spiritual cosmos”, however his view is portrayed as “scorched… mosquito filled mangrove forests”. Aboriginal views of protection and management have been affected due to the struggle over land rights, mining, and yearn for Aboriginal people to be seen as custodians of the land. There is not just one Aboriginal perspective on conservation due to the experiences of people varying across the Australia. One view is that Aboriginal people see conservation efforts to be a means for rules and regulations to be forced and for further political control over land. (Suchet, 2002) discusses that “the ability of science to conserve and manage some of these animals may be assumed to be empowering, it is important to realise that from an ethical stance such intervention and manipulation may be undesirable.” The strong link to land is not the same for western society. Many of the reasons why conservation is necessary is due to pollution, deforestation or global warming. All of these things are from the contribution of western society and so forth western society are now slowly making attempts to right their wrongs.

With the growing population and more recreational use of land, land management is vital in Australia. Despite the contrasting opinions of aboriginal

Australians and western viewpoints, it is important they work together to achieve co management for the bigger picture. For many years, aboriginals have not had much of a say in land management in Australia despite having such strong connection to the land. In (Barbour and Schlesinger, 2012), the Aboriginal author comments on how western society has dominated conservation and until recently, overlooked the information presented by aboriginal Australians. While this shift in society is slowly changing, and there are many present attempts of collaboration and focus on indigenous protection areas. (Barbour and Schlesinger, 2012) also says “Although there are many examples of successful collaborations there are also many instances where expectations, particularly of the Indigenous partners, are not met, and this is less frequently communicated”. Some common hurdles associated with indigenous land management are: inadequate respect, not enough recognition and support of knowledge, limits of native title and recognition of rights and access to traditional lands, lack of access to resources, restrictions in institutional capacity and socioeconomic and educational disadvantage by Indigenous peoples. (Google.com, 2018) Because of these adversities, these opportunities of co management are integral. As the (Csiro.au, 2018) points out, “Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) make up more than 44% of Australia’s national reserve system and many other parks are jointly managed between governments and Indigenous peoples.” According to the (Csiro.au, 2018) “All states and territories now have legislative arrangements that provide for comanagement of protected areas between Indigenous peoples and governments” which is a step in the right direction for Australia. Current examples of collaboration are in the Northern Territory through Kakadu and Uluru-Kata Tjuta, (Aph.gov.au, 2018) So far they have established aboriginal land rights and legal ownership through communal title and the formation of a Board of Management with an Aboriginal majority. Through these attempts, it is evident that comanagement in both Kakadu and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Parks will be an evolving process. (Aph.gov.au, 2018) There are issues still to be resolved such as the strengthening of the effectiveness of the board and creating a meaningful and empowering role for aboriginal rangers. Looking from a conservation standpoint, problems of effective joint management may include questions of weed management, feral animal control and differing attitudes to 'traditional' hunting. (Aph.gov.au, 2018). (Ross. H, 2009) article mentions a recent collaboration in Queensland, with the Great Barrier Reef marine park. “It raises an important point that feel that something is worth preserving, you have to feel that it's part of you.” They are aiming to get western scientists learning more about traditional management so they can interconnect and come together as one united front. In summation, while there are a considerable amount of differences between the indigenous Australians and western views on the world and country due to culture, history and spirituality. They both share a common goal to take care of our country through conservation efforts and together through collaboration and co management opportunities are overcoming their differences and focussing on the bigger picture of our world.

Bibliography and reference list Barbour, W. & Schlesinger, C. 2012, ‘Who’s the boss? Post-colonialism, ecological research and conservation management on Australian Indigenous lands’, Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 36-41. Bradley, J.J. 2001, ‘Landscapes of the Mind, Landscapes of the Spirit: Negotiating a Sentient Landscape’, in Working on Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, eds. R. Baker, J. Davies & E. Young, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 295-307. Howitt, R. & Suchet-Pearson, S. 2006, ‘Rethinking the Building Blocks: Ontological Pluralism and the idea of ‘Management’, Geografiska Annaler: Series B Human Geography, vol. 88, pp. 323-335. Ross. H, Grant. C, Robinson. C.J, Izurieta, A, Smyth. D., and Rist, P. 2009, ‘Co-management and Indigenous protected areas in Australia: achievements and ways forward, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 16, pp. 242-252. Suchet, S. 2002, ‘”Totally wild”? Colonising discourses, indigenous knowledges and managing wildlife’, Australian Geographer, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 141–157. https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/LWF/Areas/Ecosystemsbiodiversity/Managing-landscapes-for-biodiversity/Collaborative-indigenous/Comanagement https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliam entary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9697/97rp2 -

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