Martha, Kamara PMC1101 Assessment 1 essay PDF

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Martha Kamara_U1108734

Public Health

Assignment 1

Martha Kamara

University of Southern Queensland

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Martha Kamara_U1108734

Diabetes, a disease prominent throughout the world, has been significantly impacted by globalisation. Globalisation is the process of the worldwide interaction and integration of people, goods, services, capital, information and technology. This process has had a global medical influence, drastically impacting population health both positively and negatively. Globalisation has seen interaction and migration across the world rapidly increase, and with this, expanded the potential catalysts and management strategies for diabetes. Paramedics, working with other health and non-health organisations, are integral to the resolution of global diabetes issues by taking preventative measures and creating support systems for sufferers of diabetes. Diabetes is classified by the patient as having hyperglycaemia as a result of both the lack of insulin secretion and response in the body. There are two types of diabetes – type 1 and type 2, of which, type 2 is most common – differing due to the underlying characteristics. Patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes have a lack of insulin within their bodies. Type 1 is considered a progressive destruction of the pancreatic beta cell due to an autoimmune response in susceptible individuals, where autoantibodies to the islet cells cause a reduction of the normal beta cells function, causing an inability to produce insulin (Brown & Edwards, 2011). Being a polygenic disease, type 1 diabetes can be triggered by multiple genes in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors; whereas the onset of type 2 diabetes is developed by a decline in the pancreatic beta cell function and worsening insulin resistance. Although patients still have the capacity to produce insulin, the amount is insufficient for the normal body function demands. Initially, type 2 diabetes entails a bodily resistance to insulin, which - over time - concludes in a total loss of insulin production. Though there is a hereditary risk of type 2 diabetes, the catalyst is likely to be environment interaction, multifaceted inheritance or sedentary lifestyle (Wu, Ding, Tanaka & Zhang, 2014).

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Globalisation in the medical world has had numerous positive repercussions for population health - predominantly non-communicable diseases - such as diabetes. This has permitted diabetics access to health facilities regardless of socioeconomic status or nationality (Pelegrinova & Lacny, 2013). As a result of globalisation, diabetics have broad access to screenings - a pivotal element of early diagnosis - therefore are able to secure access to treatment and increase survival statistics. The ability to obtain an early diagnosis is fundamental to the treatment of the disease, makes available a wider range of effective treatment options for the condition, such as advanced clinical management strategies. In the circumstances of a late diagnosis, the availability of adequate management is sufficiently impacted - as treatment options narrow - resulting in a lowered survival rate. Globalisation, in the medical community, has created affordable and easily accessible services for diabetics, aiding patients in low socioeconomic nations with the disease. Rapid advances in technology responsible for the escalation of globalisation has become a significant contributor to generating awareness for diabetes. A variety of mediums; such as television, YouTube, Facebook and digital media outlets; have facilitated increased conversation and promotion surrounding healthier lifestyles and diabetes management and prevention. Furthermore, these advances in communicative technology have increased the ability of the general public to gain knowledge and information about the causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, management and treatment of diabetes through affordable and accessible means. This increased knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes actively encourages the public to monitor their risk as well as seek medical advice and screenings where necessary (Aggarwal, 2011). In addition to educating the general public in high socioeconomic countries regarding diabetic diagnosis and management, accessible technology has also provided adequate resources for people with refugee and migrant backgrounds with diabetes.

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In juxtaposition to the aforementioned benefits, such as access to technology and information, there are also significant negative impacts of globalisation for diabetics. As different groups have integrated through global colonisation and migration, diseases including diet and lifestyle related as well as hereditary diseases - have spread globally. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the popularity of fast food restaurants; such as Hungry Jacks, McDonalds and KFC; have led to increasingly unhealthy dietary choices among the public, and contributed significantly to the rising rate of obesity, thus, the likelihood of developing diabetes. Diabetes is particularly prevalent in overweight and obese patients, as body mass index and fat around the waist are scientifically linked with the resistance of insulin in the body, therefore the rise of diabetes is directly impacted by the increase in intake of sugary, fatty, high-calorie meals such as that of the aforementioned fast-food outlets (Mamtani, et. al., 2013). Although this is an issue in all socioeconomic climates, those from a lowsocioeconomic household are further at risk due to the affordability and accessibility of modern fast-food meals, which encourages customers to purchase the products regardless of poor nutritional value (De Vogli, Kouvonen & Gimeno, 2014; Bhurosy & Jeewon, 2014). Furthermore, utilising the benefits of globalisation such as technology and social media, fastfood outlets manipulate the consumer by sponsoring celebrities and athletes to promote and advertise their food, creating an illusion of health in relation to fast-food, therefore confusing the general population about the health implications of eating fast-food by portraying healthy individuals indulging in an unhealthy diet. In addition to the increasing intake of high-calorie, low-nutrition-value diets, globalisation has seen a surge in sedentary lifestyles. A study conducted by the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity found that participants who spent an

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average of four hours a day watching television were at higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other chronic illnesses - thus increasing the prevalence of diabetes globally due to the increases in accessible technology - compounded by the marketing and availability of ‘TV snacks’ that are typically as nutritionally valuable as fast-food (Iliades, 2013; Grontved & Hu, 2011). The study highlighted the correlation between sedentary lifestyle and diabetes, as the body has to work harder to absorb sugar and secrete insulin, therefore putting further pressure on the pancreatic cells to produce insulin and resulting in a greater risk factor for developing diabetes (Iliades, 2013). These major factors in the global increase and development of diabetes can be reduced with counter-measures - such as physical exercise and a healthy diet but the impact of the globalisation of technology and accessible, affordable fast-food is a massive hindrance for those measures to be implemented. The availability and affordability of alcohol in many nations has also contributed to the increase in diabetes globally. Consuming excessive amounts of alcohol frequently can result in a reduced sensitivity to insulin, the major characteristic of type 2 diabetes, triggering the disease in susceptible individuals (Holst, et. al., 2017). Furthermore, alcohol typically contains high amounts of sugar and calories, and excessive consumption can result in becoming overweight or obese, further contributing to the risk factor of developing type 2 diabetes. Alcoholism can also entail significantly decreased physical activity, encourage poor dietary decisions and increase the likelihood of taking up smoking - a modifiable risk factor for diabetes - as smoking increases inflammation and oxidative stress, which directly damages beta-cell function and impairs endothelial function (Prasad & Cucullo, 2015). Consequentially, frequent and excessive consumption of alcohol, compounded with smoking, is associated with the greatest likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.

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The Sustainable Development Goals, developed by the United Nations, consists of 17 goals that aim to promote sustainability worldwide. Goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Goals - good health and wellbeing - is closely interrelated with diabetes, as it endeavours to promote quality of life and health for everyone; regardless of race, sex, age or geographical location. According to the United Nations, there are numerous targets for this goal; including non-communicable disease such as diabetes; by supporting best evidence-based practice and developing vaccines and medications, achieving universal coverage and providing access to medical facilities in a clean, sterile environment (United Nations, 2018). These main focuses are in the interest of contributing toward the reduction and management of diabetes, ensuring that those who suffer from the disease receive effective treatment in a timely manner. Another Sustainable Development Goal that correlates with diabetes is Goal 9 - to foster improvement, promote maintainable and widespread industrialisation and construct strong infrastructure that is readily accessible (Dye & Acharya, 2017). The targets of Goal 9 are to create global access to technology in which information and communication about diabetes is accessible and easy to navigate. Together, these goals - as outlined by the United Nations are integral in utilising globalisation to reduce the impact and prevalence of diabetes throughout the global population. Paramedics have an essential role in pre-hospital care and play a pivotal role within the community by being role models and advocates for spreading awareness about diabetes. The profession of paramedics qualifies them to contribute to the accomplishment of Goals 3 and 9 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Paramedic services can assist in setting policies that promote healthy nutritional goals for employees as role models, that can be promoted and reflected in the wider community (Bergman, et. al., 2012). Furthermore, aligning public services such as Queensland Ambulance Services with organisations such as Diabetes Australia and other, global organisations can foster a support system as well as aid in research

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and development for new medicines that are supported by the aforementioned organisations. The obligation of paramedics to assist with diabetes prevention and treatment relies on collaboration with other health and non-health industries and organisations in order to achieve the overarching goal of diabetes awareness, management and reduction. Government and private sectors should utilise modifications in the environment that encourage greater physical activity and make preventative measures affordable for all high-risk citizens. The clinical sector should offer early screening for patients and identify and refer high-risk patients to accredited cost-effective interventions that are customised to meet individual needs and can be offered at community and clinical levels (Lee, et. al., 2018). Thus, all sectors; paramedic services, government, clinical and private; each have a critical role in this process, and by working in a partnership, ought to create the necessary synergies essential for making substantial forays in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and raise awareness for diabetes within their communities. In conclusion, globalisation has had a significant impact on the development, prevalence and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The availability and accessibility of medical assistance for diabetics has drastically improved in correlation with the increase of globalisation. With this increase in globalisation, the catalysts for susceptible individuals have also immensely expanded, including the popularity of fast-foods, sedentary activities, alcohol and smoking. In turn, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the global population. Ultimately, health industries should collaborate with community organisations to utilise the positive effects of globalisation to work toward the primary goal of wider prevention and support for diabetes while taking measures to counteract the negative influences of globalisation on diabetes.

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References Aggarwal, R. (2011). Developing a global mindset: Integrating demographics, sustainability, technology, and globalization. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 22(1), 51-69. Bergman, M., Buysschaert, M., Schwarz, P., Albright, A., Narayan, K., & Yach, D. (2012). Diabetes prevention: global health policy and perspectives from the ground. Diabetes Management, 2(4), 309-321. doi: 10.2217/dmt.12.34 Bhurosy, T., & Jeewon, R. (2014). Overweight and Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: A Problem with Diet, Physical Activity, or Socioeconomic Status?. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-7. doi: 10.1155/2014/964236 Brown, D., & Edwards, H. (2011). Lewis's medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems: hardcover + website (3rd ed.). Marrickville, A: Mosby International. – Chang, S. (2012). Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 36(6), 399. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.399 Chris Iliades, M. (2013). Don't Just Sit There: Sedentary Lifestyle Increases Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/livingwith/sedentary-lifestyle-increases-type-2-diabetes-risk/

De Vogli, R., Kouvonen, A., & Gimeno, D. (2014). The influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and body mass index: a cross-national time series analysis. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 92(2), 99-107A. doi: 10.2471/blt.13.120287

Dye, C., & Acharya, S. (2017). How can the sustainable development goals improve global health? A call for papers. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 95(10), 666666A. doi: 10.2471/blt.17.202358

Grøntved, A., & Hu, F. (2011). Television Viewing and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA, 305(23), 2448. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.812 Holst, C., Becker, U., Jørgensen, M. E., Grønbæk, M., & Tolstrup, J. S. (2017). Alcohol drinking patterns and risk of diabetes: a cohort study of 70,551 men and women from the general Danish population. Diabetologia, 60(10), 1941-1950. Lee, C., Versace, V., Malo, J., Shaw, J., Dunbar, J., & Colagiuri, S. (2018). Screening for diabetes prevention with diabetes risk scores – A balancing act. Diabetes Research And Clinical Practice, 135, 120-127. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.009

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Mamtani, M., Kulkarni, H., Dyer, T., Almasy, L., Mahaney, M., & Duggirala, R. et al. (2013). Correction: Waist Circumference Independently Associates with the Risk of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in Mexican American Families. Plos ONE, 8(11). doi: 10.1371/annotation/86d53ad4-5b90-41dc-a027-07a155412f15 Pelegrinová, L., & Lačný, M. (2013). The Impact of Globalization on Economies of Developed Countries. Journal Of Economic Development, Environment And People, 2(3), 25. doi: 10.26458/jedep.v2i3.37

Prasad, S., & Cucullo, L. (2015). Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus on Public Health: A Cerebrovascular Perspective. Journal Of Pharmacovigilance, s2(3). doi: 10.4172/2329-6887.s2-e003 United Nations. (2018). Goal 3: Sustaianble Development Knowledge Platform. Retrived from: https://sustianbledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 Wu, Y., Ding, Y., Tanaka, Y., & Zhang, W. (2014). Risk Factors Contributing to Type 2 Diabetes and Recent Advances in the Treatment and Prevention. International Journal Of Medical Sciences, 11(11), 1185-1200. doi: 10.7150/ijms.10001

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