Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

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Study Guide for Exam 1. All artwork details and notes included (Based on textbook and lecture)....

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Key terms: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_D8DL8-cfXVAar_E1BxHCdSaAwbW8N9w0357FWJyisA /edit?usp=sharing Chapter 1, Part 1 What is the medium? Limestone Why no feet or facial features? She doesn’t have a face at all because they are not trying to communicate the characteristics of a person, but of fertility itself. What features of her body are emphasized? Her reproductive parts, breasts, and belly (the parts that have to do with fertility)

Venus of Willendorf. Austria. Prehistoric. Paleolithic. Ca. 28,000-25,000

What are the theories around her? There are theories that she is some sort of fertility figure

What term applies to the spatial system? Twisted Perspective/Composite View What materials are used to create the painting? Chunks of red and yellow ochre mixed with water What are the theories around the function of these paintings? Concern was to represent animals not locate them in specific place Hall of the Bulls. Cave at Lascaux, France. Prehistoric. Paleolithic. 16,000-14,000 BCE Do both animals appear to be by the same artist? No How do they differ in style? The bison has less realistic proportions What are possible interpretations? One of the animals knocked the bird-masked man down Rhinoceros, Wounded Man and Disemboweled Bison. Cave at Lascaux, France. Prehistoric. Paleolithic. 16,000-14,000 BCE

The people of this area represent one of the world’s first experiments in Urban Living. What is different between this Neolithic panting and the Paleolithic Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux? The Neolithic one shows more organized hunters (you see more figures of men). The composition of the drawing is more organized, The figures are much smaller and have more color. More details are shown about their bows, arrows, facial features, dressing.

Deer Hunt Catal Hoyuk. Prehistoric. Neolithic. 5750 BCE Why is this culture called Megalithic? Mega = large, huge Lithic = relating to stone What is the term for the construction of the stones? Henge What is a henge? Stones in a circle Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain, England. Prehistoric. Neolithic. Megalithic Culture. 2550-1600 BCE

What is the term applied to the 3 stone construction? Post and lintel system What appears to be the purpose of this monument? Functioned as astronomical observatory and solar calendar What is the significance of this culture? Specialization of labor (institutionalization) What is the term for this building? Ziggurat

Ziggurat of Ur Ur, Iraq. Sumerian. 2100 BCE.

How is the temple used? Mesopotamian temples believed to connect heaven and earth. What is the name for the central room? Cella (central hall) What does that room contain? A stepped altar What material is used? Mud brick

How does this culture use pictures? As a narrative depicted in different registers (tiers of carving) What is the term for the different bands? Registers What is the subject? the presentation of offerings to the goddess Inanna What is the term for the offering being presented? Votive

Warka Vase: Presentation of Offerings to Inanna. Sumerian. 3200–3000 BCE Where was this found in the city of Ur? What other objects were found? Found in the Royal Cemetery of Ur, where many wealthy people were buried, many objects made of gold were found here What materials are used here? Lapis lazuli and red limestone What is the scale? 8” x 1’-7” Standard of Ur: War Side. Sumerian. 2600-2400 BCE

What may have been its function? Sound box of a musical instrument What appears to be the subject of both front and back? On the war side, chariots crush enemies. Above soldiers present captives to a kinglike figure shown in hierarchy of scale. On the peace side, men carry provisions and transport animals for a banquet. Hierarchy figures attend a feast.

Standard of Ur: Peace Side. Sumerian. 2600-2400 BCE

Narratives of two principal roles of a Sumerian ruler: the one who defeat enemies, and also the one who assures the bountifulness of the land in peacetime

What is Hammurabi’s significance historically ? He was the most powerful Babylonian king. He was the first king to write a set of laws Who is depicted here? Describe the iconography. Hammurabi is depicted on the left, standing, in front of seated Shamash. Hammurabi is in a position of prayer because he is receiving the laws from Shamash. Describe the formal elements that distinguish the figure on the right. Shamash is shown in twisted perspective. Foreshortening: looking at things from an angle. Shamash is shown with hierarchy of scale.

Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi. Babylonian. 1780 BCE

Chapter 1, Part 2 Back

Front

What is the function of this piece? This was a large version of the palettes that would be used to prepare eye makeup. What does it record? What is the iconography and what does it signify? Records the unification of upper and Lower Egypt at the end of the Predynastic period. Necks of felines coming together symbolizing unity Hathor: divine mother (half woman half cow) Horus: falcon god and papyrus plant

Palette of King Narmer. Egyptian. Pre-Dynastic. 3000-2920 BCE

What is the term that describes his scale of Narmer to that of the other figures? Hierarchy of scale

Where are these pyramids located? Gizeh, Egypt Why were they built? They were burial sites for pharaohs Who is buried here? Pharaohs What material was used? limestone How long did it take to build them? 75 years

Great Pyramids of Gizeh. Egyptian. Old Kingdom.

How is the shape significant? Their pyramid shape immolates them rising to heaven. The pyramid is a sacred shape to them (ben-ben). What Egyptian god is most important here? Re (pronounced Ra) There are also temples in front of the pyramids. What direction do they face and how is that significant? The temples face to the East because the sun rises there, underscoring their connection with Re Where is this piece located? Khafre’s valley temple, near the Great Sphinx Who is he and what is the function of the piece? It is King (Pharaoh) Khafre and the purpose was to proclaim the divine nature of egyptian kingship. What is the medium? Diorite How is the medium significant to the message of the work? It represents his divinity. When sun hit it, it looked blue.

Khafre Enthroned Gizeh, Egypt. Old Kingdom. 2520-2494 BCE

What is the figure style? What is the iconography and what does does the symbolism say about him and the culture? He is showed with the perfect body, no movement, completely united with his throne. No naturalism. Sense of eternal authority. Between the legs of the throne are intertwined lotus and papyrus plants - symbolic of the united Egypt.

What is the importance of this time period in Egypt? The New Kingdom: the most glorious period in Egypts long history. Over how many years was this temple built and rebuilt?

What was the most important event related to the temple? Honoring the Gods Temple of Amen-Re. Karnak. Egyptian: New Kingdom. 1290-1224 BCE

What are the most important architectural elements here? Pylon: a gateway with sloping walls Hypostyle hall: building supported by columns Clerestory: central columns higher than the ones on the side and windows on the sides of the wall difference to allow light into the building

Temple at Amen-Re: Hypostyle Hall. Egyptian: New Kingdom. 1290-1224 BCE How is Akhenaton unique as a pharaoh? He abandoned the worship of most of the Egyptian gods and declared Aton to be the universal and only god. What is the figure style here? What has been said about the religion he established? Effeminate body, curving contours, long face with full lips. His body is misshapen with weak arms, narrow waits, protruding belly, fatty thighs. Statue is an artistic reaction against the established style, paralleling the suppression of traditional religion. What pose is he in? Standard frontal pose of Egyptian royal portraits What is he holding and what does it symbolize? (not in book) A flail and crook (inflicts punishment and guides people) Akhenaton From Temple of Aton. Egyptian. New Kingdom. 1353-1335 BCE

What happened to his religion historically? His religious revolution was soon undone by the pharaohs who followed him. They reestablished the previous cult and priesthood of

Amen and restored the temples that were emptied by Akhenaton

Chapter 2 Part 1 The era of these people is called the Golden Age of the prehistoric Aegean. Why is this culture called Minoan? “Minoan” derived from connection to king Minos and the minotaur legend ( minotaur is put away in a labyrinth - Theseus went into labyrinth, kills minotaur, finds way back with thread ) What material is used for the columns in this structure? wood How are the columns shaped? they taper down at the bottom, resembled doric columns How did the Minoans decorate their walls? With paintings depicting aspects of minoan life and of nature.

Palace at Knossos Crete. Minoan. 1700-1370 BCE

What technique did they use on their walls? They coated the rough fabric of their rubble walls with a fine white lime plaster and applied the pigments while the plaster was still wet The Greeks believed these Mycenaean fortresses were built by giants (cyclops) so that the gigantic stones are called tholos. The primary function of such complexes were for protection

Lion Gate Mycenae, Greece. Mycenaean. 1300-1250 BCE

What are the primary architectural features of the gate? The gate consists of two posts capped with a lintel (similar to stonehenge). Above the lintel there is a limestone triangle depicting two lions in high relief (guardian figures). This triangle is surrounded by a corbeled arch.

What is the specific term that applies to this style? Archaic What are the characteristics of this style? Geometric, squares and triangles, slim waists, flat faces How does this sculpture differ from Egyptian sculpture pieces of standing males? The Greek sculptors wanted to present motion rather than stability. Menkaure is more idealistic, Kouros is more abstract (body) Kouros is nude, Menkaure is not What do you think those differences tell us about the cultures who made them? Greeks celebrated the natural body, they are less rigid, and do not focus on the after life (unlike Egyptians) Kouros. Greek. Archaic. 600 BCE In what position is the Spear Bearer standing? contrapposto What material was used for the original sculpture? Bronze What is the name of the treatise that this sculpture illustrates? Canon How does this sculpture illustrate the principles expressed in that treatise? Through a system of cross balance of the figure’s various body parts. Whose mathematical principles does the sculpture illustrate? Pythagoras of Samos Doryphoros ( Spear Bearer). Polykleitos. Greek. High Classical. 450-440 BCE

Describe the positioning of the body here and how it illustrates those principles. Straight hanging arm echoes the rigid supporting leg providing the right sight with the stability needed to anchor the left side’s flexed limbs. The tensed and relaxed limbs oppose each other diagonally.

Chapter 2, Part 2: Ancient Greece

What is the the historical context of this building? Pericles was in charge of the whole project of reconstructing the Acropolis. Misused the Delian League funds to create the Parthenon and the rest of the Acropolis

Parthenon (Temple of Athena Parthenos). Iktinos. Acropolis, Athens. Greek. High Classical. 447-438 BCE.

Why was it built? To replace an existing temple which was destroyed by the Persians in. It showed the wealth and exuberance of Athenian power. Who was in charge of the project? The architect was Iktinos What was he trying to accomplish? The ideal solution to the Greek architect’s quest for perfect proportions in Doric temple design. Who was in charge of the sculptural program? Polykleitos ????? Describe the most important interior sculpture. The statue of Athena. Describe the exterior sculptural program. Iktinos calculated the dimensions of every part of the building to determine the height and diameter of each column. What materials were used here? Gold and ivory What is most significant about her in relation to cost? She was the most expensive part of the Acropolis What is the smaller figure and what does she symbolize? The smaller figure is Nike, representing the victory to Athens What other symbols refer to the Athenian defeat of the Persians? On her sandals are relief sculptures of mythological victory scenes

Statue of Athena. Phidias. Greek. High Classical. 438 BCE

What is the significance of this event? Took place every four years in Athens. Represents the Panathenaic procession of citizens under God’s eyes. It is symbolic for the Greek victory over the Persians. Describe the formal elements of the sculpture. There is a sense of motion, balance, harmony, and beauty. Panathenaic Festival Procession: Elders and Maidens. (Parthenon: Frieze Sculpture) Greek. High Classical. 447-438 BCE What historical circumstances occurred in Greece that lead to the Late Classical era? The Peloponnesian War (and plague) and Sparta taking over. How does this Late Classical image differ from the high classical ones? There is a shift in the way that the human figure is shown. More emphasis on everyday activities. Gods and goddesses were shown more human-like. Women were depicted nude more.

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos. Praxiteles. Greek. Late Classical. c.340 BCE What are the characteristics of this time period and how does this work illustrate them? There are Barbaric qualities, it does not show rationality and discipline, and it also shows sexuality. What changes in the portrayal of the human body between this sculpture and Greek sculpture of the other periods? It was the antithesis of what you find in the classical period. Sleep represents less rationality than what was used classical period

Sleeping Satyr. Greek. Hellenistic. 230-200 BCE

What is the figure style of this piece? -realistic depiction of old age - flaws of the body - heightened realism -in the process of moving -broken spirit - the horrors of being poor How is this different from the Classical and Late Classical periods? not a depiction of gods and goddesses and sensuality

Old Woman. Greek. Hellenistic. 150-100 BCE What are the historical circumstances around this piece? It shows suffering that comes from the God’s getting revenge. Where was it found? It was found in the palace of the emperor Titus. What work of literature is the source for the subject? The Aeneid What is the subject? It shows suffering, pain, and agony. Laocoön was a Trojan priest killed by the Greek God’s. Laocoön and His Sonse. Greek. Hellenistic

What Hellenistic characteristics are present here? Serpents

Chapter 3 Part 1: The Roman Empire What is the medium? terra-cotta What is the function of the piece? a sort of burial practice - coffin for the couple How do the figures appear to relate to one another as a couple? he is shown embracing her, she is in front of him

Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple Necropolis Cerveteri, Italy. Etruscan. 520 BCE

What does that tell us about this culture in comparison to the Egyptians and Greeks? In the Etruscan culture there is more equity between men and women What is the definition of a patrician? Old men, who are apart of the Senate (the ruling class). What is the importance of this kind of sculpture? It is heavily detailed, and old age is valued. It shows wisdom. What is the term that applies to this piece and others like it and how is that illustrated here? Veristic: super realism

Head of an Elderly Patrician. Roman. The Republic. mid 1rst C BCE There are four styles of Roman painting: First, Second, Third, Fourth What style is this? Second Style What are the characteristics of that style? Illusionistic space created with paint. What is important about the depiction of space in this mural? It creates an imaginary 3D world using linear perspective. Second Style Wall Painting Villa in Boscoreale, Italy. Roman. The Republic. ca. 50-40 BCE

Briefly discuss the historical circumstances around this sculpture. Augustus brought peace to the Roman Empire. What is the figure style? Idealistic What is the name of the time period that begins with this ruler? Pax Romana (economic prosperity and peace) What are the sources for this work? The models were Classical Greek statues Who is the small figure below Augustus? What is his significance? Cupid - establishes Augustus as having divine descent

Portrait of Augustus as General. Roman. Early Empire. early 1rst C CE Who commissioned this building? Vespasian How was that a political move? Political move to build a public building in land seized by Nero, reclaimed public land. Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) Roman. Early Empire. ca. 70-80 CE

How did it get its name? Called Colosseum bc it is relating to the colossal statue of Nero Describe the architectural features. Arches, columns, and marble seating. Why is the concrete exposed today? The marble seats were hauled away during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. What Greek orders are used on the bands of the exterior of the building? Doric, ionic and corinthian columns. Corinthian pilasters on the top What is the primary Roman architectural feature on the exterior? Ornamental Greek orders frame the arches in standard Roman sequence.

Chapter 3: The Roman Empire What is important historically about the emperor who commissioned this forum? Trojan was the first non Italian to rule Rome, and he reached the greatest extent What are the most important architectural features here? There is a Basilica, a court for law, or used for public assembly.

Forum of Trajan Apollodorus of Damascus. Roman. High Empire. 112 CE. Who Commissioned this building? Hadrian (the new emperor) To whom is it dedicated? To all the gods What is the building material? concrete On what is the design based? In a greek temple (front) What does the interior space resemble? The orb of the earth and the vault of the heavens How does the light appear in the interior? Appear in the interior by the oculus (skylight) The use of coffers lessens the dome’s’ weight

Pantheon. Roman. High Empire. 118-125 CE.

What is unusual about this emperor? He shows strain on his face, and his body language is less formal. To what school of thought did he belong? He belonged to the school of Stoicism What were the ideas related to it? facing hardship without complaints How is this figure different from the sculpture of Augustus? - he is pictured with a worried face, he is much larger than a horse in relation than what a human being would be - depicted in a naturalistic way not idealized - he is not referring to any kind of military victory, he is only reaching out to his people in a benevolent way - softness about him, he is dressed down Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. Roman. High Empire. 175 CE. What Roman Emperor devised the plan of rulership depicted here? Diocletian What was his plan and why did he think it was necessary? He wanted to bring order to the Roman world, so he shared powers with his potential rivals. How are the rulers depicted? They are depicted similarly, to show that they are equal in power. What is the figure style? Abstraction- little detail, more focused on the ideas

Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs. Roman. Late Empire. 305 CE.

What is the medium and how do you think it is appropriate here? It is made from purple marble, which symbolizes power.

What are the historical circumstances that led to Constantine’s dominance of the Roman Empire? He seized Rome. To whom did he attribute his victory? He attributed the Christian God. What was the importance of this sculpture and where was it located? It portrays large eyes, which symbolize spirituality, and an inward focus. What other sculptur...