Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

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Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-5) Chapter 1 What are the 10 levels of biological organization? 1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem (living and non-living) 3. Community (inhabits an ecosystem) 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs/Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10.Molecules What are the three domains? Which of these are prokaryotes? Which are eukaryotes? Three Domains  rokaryotes P -Bacteria -Archaea Eukaryotes -Eukara What is Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? What does this theory tell us? ★ Natural Selection: a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits ○ In his discovery travel in Galapagos Islands he observed that many ➔ First, individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which seem to be heritable (passed on from parents to offspring). ➔ Second, a population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce offspring of their own. With more individuals than the environment is able to support, competition is inevitable. ➔ Third, species generally are suited to their environments—in other words, they are adapted to their circumstances. For instance, a common adaptation among birds that eat hard seeds is an especially strong beak. 4.Understand the aspects of scientific inquiry as described in the textbook in section 1.3 ▪

Scientists use a process of inquiry which includes: ▪ Making observations ▪ Forming logical, testable explanations (hypotheses) ▪ Testing hypotheses (Observations, questions, hypothesis, experiments, support or deny hypothesis.)

Deductive Reasoning Apply general principles to predict specific results Hypothesis-based science/”If, then” logic EXAMPLE ○ if all organisms are made of cells, and humans are an organism, then  humans are made of cells Inductive Reasoning 3. using specific observations, determine general conclusions EXAMPLE ○ The sun always sets in the west ○ All living organisms are made of cells 5. Hypothesis (testable and falsifiable)  we need to have instruments (experiments) to test if the hypothesis Testable= can be supported or not. Falsifiable =  if the hypothesis isn’t true, we need to prove it. *

Experiment: (Control group versus experimental group) Control group:g roup that does not undergo any change, used to compare the results from the experimental group. Experimental group :group where the scientists apply the factors that need to be measured.

Variables (dependent versus independent) I ndependent: is the one that is manipulated by the scientists (ex. mices color) Dependent: is the one that changes according to the Independent v. (survival of the mices)

Interpreting Results/Drawing Conclusions (do data support or disprove the hypothesis) Interpreting Results: In the steps of the scientific method, what is the next step after formulating and objectively testing hypotheses? Drawing Conclusions: Combines several pieces of information to make an inference What is a theory?

A theory is a statement broader in scope than hypothesis, based on several supported hypothesis and evidence. It can be changed/rejected at any time.

Be able to apply the concepts of scientific inquiry to design an experiment to test a hypothesis.

Chapter 2 6. What is the structure of an atom? What are the subatomic particles?

What is the atomic number? Mass number?

What are valence electrons? How does the number of valence electrons relate to the reactivity of an atom? Be able to determine the number of valence electrons based on the atomic number of an atom.

Valence electrons: Electrons located in the most external shell, they are involved in the interaction between atoms. How does the number of valence electrons relate to the reactivity of an atom? Depending on the number of valence electrons, different types of bond can be created. Be able to determine the number of valence electrons based on the atomic number of an atom.

What are covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waal interactions? ➔ COVALENT BONDS:2 atoms share pair of electrons.

➔ IONIC BONDS: b etween 2 atoms with opposite charge (IONS).

➔ HYDROGEN BONDS:between hydrogen and other electronegative atoms(often O or N)

\ ➔ VAN der WALL Interactions.:very weak,but strong collectively.Between Charged Regions of atoms

How do polar and nonpolar covalent bonds differ? They can be single or double, and either non polar (between equal atoms , or atoms with low difference of electronegativity), or polar (between different atoms. 0.4< Diff. Electr....