Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

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Human Geography; Fall 2012...

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GEOG1101 – Exam 1 Study Guide (Exam Date: Tuesday September 25, 2012) Quiz will between 50 and 100 questions – expect matching, multiple choice, and possibly some maps/diagrams. Format is SCANTRON. Potential Key Terms: (You should be able to choose the correct definition for each, but also be able to use your critical thinking skills to understand how these terms relate to one another in the context of this class) Chapter 1 1. Places (p. 3): specific geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes 2. Regions (p. 3): territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes 3. Remote Sensing (p. 7): the collection of information about parts of the earth’s surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems. 4. Map (p. 7): geographer’s tools used for introducing ideas about the way that places and regions are made and altered 5. Choropleth Map (p. 11): mapping in which tonal shadings are graduated to reflect area variations in numbers, frequencies, or densities 6. Map Scale (p. 11): the ratio between linear distance on a map and linear distance on Earth’s surface 7. Map Projection (p. 11): a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface 8. Equidistant projection (p. 11): projections that allow distance to be represented as accurately as possible 9. Conformal projection (p. 11):projections on which compass directions are rendered accurately 10. Equivalent projection (p. 11): projections that portray areas of Earth’s surface in their true proportions 11. GIS (p. 15): involve an organized set of computer hardware, software, and spatially coded data that is designed to computer, store, update, manipulate, and display geographically referenced information 12. Spatial Analysis (including 5 key concepts of location, distance, space, accessibility, and spatial interaction, p. 18-24): the study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, area, or surfaces on a map 13. Latitude (p. 18): the angular distance of a point on earth’s surface, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds, north or south from the equator 14. Longitude (p. 19): the angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface, measured in degrees minutes, and second east or west from the prime meridian and run from the North Pole to the South Pole

15. GPS (p. 19):consists of 21 satellites that orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information, making it very easy to determine latitude and longitude of any given point 16. Cognitive images (aka mental maps) (p. 19): psychological representations of locations that spring from people’s individual ides and impressions of these locations 17. Site (p. 19): physical attributes of a location 18. Situation (p. 19): the location of a place relative to other places and human activities 19. Friction of Distance (p. 25): reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance 20. Tobler’s first law of geography (p. 20) “everything is related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things.” 21. Cognitive distance (p. 24): the distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation. Cognitive distance is based on people’s personal judgments about the degree of spatial separation between points 22. Distance-decay function (p. 25): the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance 23. Utility (p. 25): the utility of a specific place or location refers to its usefulness to a particular person or group. 24. Nearness Principle (p. 25): People will seek to: maximize the overall utility of places at minimum effort; maximize connections between places at minimum cost; and locate related activities as close together as possible 25. Topological space (p. 25): defined as the connections between, or connectivity of, particular points in space. Topological space is measured not in terms of conventional measures of distance but by the nature and degree of connectivity between locations 26. Cognitive space (p. 26): defined and measured in terms of people’s values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, districts, and regions. Cognitive space can be described, therefore, in terms of behavioral space-landmarks, paths, environments, and spatial layouts. 27. Accessibility (p. 26): defined by geographers in terms of relative location” the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location in relation to other locations. It implies proximity, or nearness, to something 28. Connectivity (p. 26): an important aspect of accessibility because contact and interaction are dependent on channels of communication and transportation: streets, highways, telephone lines, and wavebands, for example 29. Spatial Interaction (including 4 basic concepts of complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity, spatial diffusion, p. 27-30): Term used as shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity. Complementarity is a precondition for interdependence between places. For any kind of spatial interaction to occur between two places, there must be a demand in one place and a supply that matches, or complements, it in the other. Transferability depends on the frictional or deterrent effects of distance. Transferability is a function of two things: the costs of moving a particular item, measured in real money and/ or time, and the ability of the item to bear these costs. Intervening opportunity is most important in determining the volume and pattern of movements and

flows. Intervening opportunities are simply alternative origins and/ or destinations. Spatial diffusion is the way that things spread through space and over time, this is one of the most important aspects of spatial interaction and is crucial to an understanding of geographic change. 30. Economies of scale (p. 27): cost advantages to manufactures that accrue from high-volume productions, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output. 31. Infrastructure (p. 28): the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity 32. Time-space Convergence (p. 28): the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs 33. Expansion Diffusion (p. 30): a phenomenon spreads because of the proximity of carriers, or agents of change, who are fixed in their location 34. Hierarchical Diffusion (p. 30): a phenomenon can be diffused from one location to another without necessarily spreading to people or places in between 35. Regional Analysis (p. 30): geographers also seek to understand the complex relationships between peoples and places in terms of the similarities and differences among and between them and the identities and qualities associated with them 36. Regionalization (p. 30): individual places or areal units are the objects of classification. The purpose of regionalization is to identify regions of one kind or another 37. Functional regions (p. 30): regions within which, while there may be some variability in certain attributes, there is an overall coherence to the structure and dynamics of economic, political and social organization 38. Core-domain-sphere model (p. 30): illustrated by geographer Donald Meinig claiming that in the core of a region the distinctive attributes are very clear; in the domain they are dominant but not to the point of exclusivity; in the sphere they present but not dominate 39. Regionalism (p. 31): describes situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrating within a particular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity. 40. Sectionalism (p. 31): if regionalism develops into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs 41. Irredentism (p. 31): the assertion by the government of a country that is minority living outside its formal borders belongs to its historically and culturally 42. Landscape (p. 31): a comprehensive product of human action such that every landscape is a complex repository of society. It is a collection of evidence about our character and experience, our struggles and triumphs and humans 43. Ordinary landscape (p. 32): are the everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives together. These are landscapes that are lived in and changed and that in turn influence and change the perceptions, values and behaviors of the people who live and work in them 44. Symbolic landscape (p. 32): represent particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impart to a larger public

45. Sense of place (p. 33): refers to the feeling evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories they associate with a place and to the symbolism they attach to that place. It can also refer to the character of a pace as seen by outsiders: its distinctive physical characteristics and/or its inhabitants. 46. Insiders (p. 33): those who develop a sense of place through shared dress code, speech patterns, public comportments, ect. 47. Lifeworld (p. 34): the taken for granted pattern and context for everyday living through which people conduct their day to day lives without having to make it an object of conscious attention. People’s experience of everyday routines in familiar settings leads to a pool of shared meanings. 48. Intersubjectivity (p. 34): shared meanings that are derived from the lived experience of everyday practice. Elements of daily rhythms are all critical to the density of routine encounters and shared experiences that underpin the intersubjectivity that is the basis for a sense of place within a community 49. Outsiders (p. 35): those who develop a sense of place through local landmarks, ways of life, and so on are distinctive enough to evoke a significant common meaning for people who have no direct experience of them 50. Geographical imagination (p. 35): allows us to understand changing patterns, processes, and relationships among people, places, and regions Chapter 2 51. 1st Agricultural Revolution (p. 44): transition from hunter gatherer mini-systems to agricultural based mini-systems that were both more extensive and more stable. The transition began in the proto-Neolithic period, between 9000 and 7000 B.C., and was based on a series of technological preconditions: the use of fire to process food, the use of grindstones to mill grains, and the development of improved tools to prepare and store food 52. Mini-systems (p. 44): a society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy. Each individual specializes in particular tasks, freely giving any excess product to others, who reciprocate by giving up the surplus product of their own specialization. 53. Slash-and-burn (p. 44): a system of cultivation in which plants are harvested close to the ground, the stubble left to dry for a period, and then ignited, the burned stubble providing fertilizer to the soil. Dos not require special tools 54. Hearth areas (p. 45): geographic settings where ne practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread. The main agricultural hearth areas were situated in four broad regions: ;in the middle east, in south Asia, in china and in the Americas 55. 4 implications of transition to minisystems (p. 37): it allowed much higher population densities and encouraged the proliferation of settled villages. It brought about a change in social organizations, from loose communal systems to systems that were more highly organized on the basis of kinship. Lin groups provided a natural way of assigning right over land and resources and of organizing patterns of land use. It allowed some specialization in nonagricultural crafts, such as pottery, woven textiles, jewelry and weaponry. This

specialization led to a fourth development: the beginnings of barter and trade between communities, sometimes over substantial distances 56. World-empire (p. 46): a group of mini-systems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental differences. Can be characterized as redistributive-tributary. 57. Colonization (p. 47): the physical settlement in a new territory of people form a colonizing state 58. Law of diminishing returns (p. 47): refers to the tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with the continued addition of capital and/or labor to a given resource base 59. Urbanization (p. 46): towns and cities became essential as centers of administration, as military garrisons, and as theological centers for the ruling classes, who were able to use a combinations of military and theological authority to hold their empires together 60. Geography of the Premodern World (p. 47): harsher environments in continental interiors were still characterized by isolated, subsistence-level, kin-ordered hunting-and-gathering mini-systems. The dry belt of steppes and desert margins stretching across the Old World from the Western Sahara to Mongolia was a continuous zone of kin-ordered pastoral minisystems. The hearths of sedentary agricultural production extended in a discontinuous arc from Morocco to China, with two, main outliners, in the central Andes and in Mesoamerica. 61. Capitalism (p. 47): a form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution, and the exchange of good by private ownership 62. Hinterland (p. 50): the sphere of economic influence of a town or city 63. Silk Road (p. 48): provided the main east-West trade route between Europe and China. This shifting trail of caravan tracks facilitated the exchange of silk, spices, and porcelain from the East and gold, precious stones, and Venetian glass from the West. 64. World-system (p. 50): an interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition 65. External arenas (p. 50): regions not yet absorbed into the world-system 66. Plantations (p. 50): large landholdings that usually specialize in the production of one particular high-value crop for market 67. Import substitution (p. 51): cloying and making goods previously available only by trading 68. Diffusion of industrialization (p. 44): 69. Imperialism (p. 54): the deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests 70. Core regions (p. 55): dominate trade. Control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies. Enjoy relatively high per capita incomes 71. Colonialism (p. 55): involves the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society 72. Peripheral regions (p. 55): characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity

73. Semiperipheral regions (p. 55): able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions. Consist mostly of countries that were once peripheral 74. Leadership cycles (p. 46): periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition 75. Hegemony (p. 68): domination over the world economy, exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch through a combination of economic, military, financial, and cultural means 76. Division of labor (p. 63): the specialization of different people, regions, or countries in particular kinds of economic activities 77. 2 criteria before colonies produced commodities (p. 63): where an established demand existed in the industrial core. Where colonies help a comparative advantage in specializations that did not duplicate or compete with the domestic suppliers within core countries 78. Comparative advantage (p. 63): principle whereby places and regions specialize in activates for which they have the greatest advantage in productivity relative to other regions- or for which they have the lest disadvantage 79. Steamships, canals, and the telegraph and the division of labor (p. 61-63): The canal system led to merchant trade and the beginning of industrialization in both Britain and France whom were underpinned by extensive navigation systems that joined done river system to another. Steamboats offered the possibility of opening up the vast interior by ways of the Mississippi and its tributaries through navigable channels. The telegraph stimulated the international division of labor by enabling businesses to monitor the coordinate supply and demand across vast distances on an hourly basis. The results of the division of labor were that colonial economies were founded on narrow specializations that were oriented to and dependent upon the needs of core countries. 80. Ethnocentrism (p. 64): the attitude that one’s own race and culture is superior to others’ 81. Environmental determinism (p. 64): a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment 82. Neocolonialism (p. 68): economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people 83. Commercial imperialism (p. 68): of form of imperialism in which large corporations have grown within the core countries through the elimination of smaller firms by mergers and takeovers 84. Transnational corporations (p. 68): have investments and activities that span international boundaries with subsidiary companies, factories, offices or facilities in several countries 85. Gross Domestic Product (p. 68): an estimate of the total value of mall materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year 86. Globalization (p. 68): the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic environmental, political, and cultural change. It is a much fuller integration of the economies of the worldwide system of states and a much greater interdepended of individual places and regions form every party of the world-system

87. 4 ways in which globalization today is different from the past (p. 69): first, they function at much greater speed than ever before. Second globalization operates on a much larger scale leaving few people unaffected and making its influence felt in even the most remote places. Third, the scope of global connections is much broader and has multiple dimensions: economic, technological, political, legal, social, and cultural, among others. Fourth, the global actors have created a new level of complexity for the relationships between places and regions. 88. 3 types of Commodity chains (p. 70): The first is producer driven, in which large, often transnational, corporations coordinate production networks. Second, is consumer driven, where large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies influence decentralized production networks in a variety of exporting countries, often in the periphery. Third is marketing driven which involves the production of inexpensive consumer goods that are global commodities and carry global brand yet are often manufactured in the periphery and semipheriphery for consumption of those regions. 89. 4 ways in which the significance of place has increased (p. 51): “The more universal the diffusion of material culture and lifestyles, the more valuable regional and ethnic identities become.” “The faster the information highway takes people into cyberspace, the more they feel the need for a subjective setting – a specific place or community – they can call their own.” “The greater the reach of transnational corporations, the more easily they are able to respond to place-to-place variations in labor markets and consumer markets” – economic geography is reorganized more frequently and radically.” “The greater the integration of transnational governments and institutions, the more sensitive people have become to local cleavages of race, ethnicity, and religion.” 90. Key issues of globalization (environmental, healt...