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Personality, Chapter 15...

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Chapter 15: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a personality process? a. perception c. emotion b. motivation d. trait development ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion OBJ: 15.1 MSC: Remembering 2. Which theorist developed the concept of personal constructs? a. Gordon Allport b. B. F. Skinner c. George Kelly d. Walter Mischel ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Historical Roots of Research Into Personality Processes OBJ: 15.10 MSC: Remembering 3. All of the following traditions strongly contributed to the understanding of personality processes EXCEPT ________. a. the phenomenological approach b. social learning theory c. psychoanalysis d. empirically based test construction methods ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Historical Roots of Research Into Personality Processes OBJ: 15.11 MSC: Remembering 4. What term refers to the idea that the concepts recently activated in the mind influence one’s perceptions of the world? a. conditioning c. perceptual defense b. priming d. repression-sensitization ANS: B OBJ: 15.2

DIF: Easy REF: Perception: Priming and Chronic Accessibility MSC: Remembering

5. Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one’s personality are said to be ________. a. chronically accessible c. praxes b. hypoactivated d. individuated ANS: A OBJ: 15.2

DIF: Easy REF: Perception: Priming and Chronic Accessibility MSC: Remembering

6. An Asian American who has just been primed with the image of a dragon is more likely to interpret ambiguous symbols according to ________. a. typical American interpretations b. typical Asian interpretations c. neither typical American nor typical Asian interpretations

d. his or her more dominant cultural tradition ANS: B OBJ: 15.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Perception: Priming and Chronic Accessibility

7. According to most current theories, patterns of priming typically originate in ________. a. temperament c. life experiences b. ancestral history (i.e., evolution) d. genetic material ANS: C OBJ: 15.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Perception: Priming and Chronic Accessibility

8. Sally is very concerned with abandonment and her partner’s lack of commitment to their relationship. She is high on which personality dimension? a. rejection priming c. rejection sensitivity b. rejection accessibility d. rejection detection ANS: C OBJ: 15.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Perception: Rejection Sensitivity

9. Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would perceive Suzanne’s bump as an ________ and likely respond with ________. a. accident; aggression c. intentionally hostile act; an apology b. accident; an apology d. intentionally hostile act; aggression ANS: D OBJ: 15.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Perception: Aggression

10. Someone who frequently attributes hostility to other people might be able to change this aspect of his or her personality. According to the material on priming, what should such a person try to do? a. Seek out the help of a psychoanalyst. b. Tell themselves to slow down and think more deliberately. c. Try to shift attention away from threatening stimuli. d. Attempt to extinguish the response by providing no contingencies. ANS: B OBJ: 15.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Perception: Aggression

11. Perceptual ________ refers to the process whereby the perceptual system filters out information that might make the individual uncomfortable or distressed. a. defense c. distortion b. screening d. bias ANS: A OBJ: 15.3

DIF: Easy REF: Perception: Perceptual Defense MSC: Remembering

12. What measurement instrument assesses the extent to which people are relatively defensive in their perception of potentially threatening information? a. the rejection sensitivity scale c. the perceptual distortion scale b. the perceptual defense scale d. the repression-sensitization scale ANS: D OBJ: 15.3

DIF: Difficult REF: Perception: Vigilance and Defense MSC: Remembering

13. An individual who likes to watch emotional movies and has extreme reactions to the tragic deaths of celebrities would likely score high on what personality dimension? a. need for intensity c. need for affect b. need for closure d. need for neurotic responses ANS: C OBJ: 15.3

DIF: Moderate REF: Perception: Vigilance and Defense MSC: Understanding

14. The phrase “seven, plus or minus two” refers to the ________. a. number of seconds information can be held in the perceptual buffer b. capacity of short-term memory c. number of years information can be stored in long-term memory before it is replaced with new information d. organizational structure of self-schemas ANS: B OBJ: 15.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Thought: Consciousness MSC: Understanding

15. According to the text, what is a key difference between conscious and unconscious thought? a. Conscious thought pervades our waking life whereas unconscious thought occurs only during sleep. b. Conscious thought tends to focus on negative details whereas unconscious thought is free to entertain positive aspects of life. c. Conscious thought processes emotion whereas unconscious thought processes perception. d. Conscious thought is limited to seven chunks whereas unconscious thought can hold an unlimited amount of information. ANS: D OBJ: 15.5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Thought: Consciousness

16. As a person becomes an expert in an area, he or she will begin to ________ to help organize the information. a. use larger chunks c. use smaller chunks b. develop incremental theories d. subsidize ANS: A OBJ: 15.5

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: Thought: Consciousness: STM and Thinking

17. According to the text, inherent in the limited capacity of consciousness is the danger of ________. a. focusing too much on negative, stress-inducing details b. spending too much time daydreaming c. focusing too much on what people do and too little on their motivation d. forgetting small chunks like phone numbers or an acquaintance’s name ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Thought: Consciousness: Consciousness and Psychological Health OBJ: 15.5 MSC: Analyzing 18. Non-psychoanalytic researchers sometimes use the term ________ to refer to the unconscious. a. short-term memory c. cognitive unconscious b. consciously inaccessible memory d. unconscious memory ANS: C OBJ: 15.5

DIF: Easy REF: Thought: Consciousness: Unconscious Thoughts MSC: Remembering

19. When an individual who has a good relationship with his or her mother is exposed to the subliminal message “Mommy and I are one,” he or she will likely feel ________ without knowing why. a. anxious c. guilt b. sexual arousal d. better ANS: D OBJ: 15.5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Thought: Consciousness: Unconscious Thoughts

20. What theorist is most closely identified with cognitive-experiential self-theory? a. Sigmund Freud c. Carol Dweck b. Walter Mischel d. Seymour Epstein ANS: D OBJ: 15.4

DIF: Easy REF: Thought: Two Ways of Thinking MSC: Remembering

21. What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models? a. conscious and rational c. short-term and long-term memories b. conscious and unconscious d. impulsive and reactive ANS: B OBJ: 15.4

DIF: Easy REF: Thought: Two Ways of Thinking MSC: Understanding

22. Which of the following is a characteristic of the rational system? a. It operates through logic. b. It operates through emotion, insight, and wisdom. c. It operates through unconscious processes. d. It resembles Freud’s primary processes thinking. ANS: A OBJ: 15.4

DIF: Easy REF: Thought: Two Ways of Thinking MSC: Understanding

23. In cognitive-experiential self-theory, the ________ system dominates when you are emotional and the ________ system dominates when you are calm. a. cognitive; experiential c. experiential; rational b. experiential; cognitive d. self; cognitive ANS: B OBJ: 15.4

DIF: Moderate REF: Thought: Two Ways of Thinking MSC: Understanding

24. Jeff has decided to go on a diet, but unfortunately Jeff’s mother has made his favorite dessert, apple pie. After a big dinner, his mother brings out the pie and Jeff cannot resist having two pieces. In Epstein’s terminology, Jeff’s ________ won out over his ________. a. subjective stimulus values; self-regulatory systems b. affective system; cognitive system c. experiential system; rational system d. phenomenology; consciousness ANS: C OBJ: 15.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Thought: Two Ways of Thinking

25. A ________ is a desired end state, and ________ are the means that the individual uses to achieve this end state. a. goal; strategies c. self-concept; self-schemas b. strategy; goals d. motivation; needs ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: Motivation

OBJ: 15.6 | 15.7

MSC: Understanding 26. According to research and theory about goals, it is most advantageous to have the ability to ________. a. focus primarily on general, long-term goals b. shift between short- and long-term goals c. focus primarily on very specific goals d. set general goals that are separate from your daily activities ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Short-Term and Long-Term Goals MSC: Analyzing

OBJ: 15.6

27. Goals that are unique to the individuals pursuing them are called ________ goals. a. strategic c. nomothetic b. judgment d. idiographic ANS: D OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Easy REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals MSC: Remembering

28. What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned? a. current concerns c. judgment goals b. personal projects d. personal strivings ANS: A OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals MSC: Remembering

29. What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person’s life? a. current concerns c. development goals b. personal projects d. personal strivings ANS: D OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals MSC: Remembering

30. Which of the following is NOT a type of idiographic goal? a. current concerns c. developmental goals b. personal projects d. personal strivings ANS: C OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals MSC: Understanding

31. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of idiographic goals? a. They are conscious at least some of the time. b. They are common goals that essentially everyone pursues. c. They are assumed to be changeable over time. d. They are assumed to function independently of each other. ANS: B OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals MSC: Understanding

32. Rosie has recently been rejected from several graduate school programs. In response, she works on the weak aspects of her application and intends to gain experience and reapply the following year. Rosie is high in ________. a. power motivation c. achievement motivation b. affiliation motivation d. developmental motivation

ANS: C OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals

33. According to distinctions between types of idiographic goals, a ________ is something you think about, whereas a ________ is something you do. a. judgment goal; development goal b. current concern; personal project c. long-term goal; short-term goal d. current concern; personal striving ANS: B OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Motivation: Goals: Idiographic Goals

34. Essential goals that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals. a. development c. nomothetic b. judgment d. idiographic ANS: C OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Easy REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals MSC: Remembering

35. A need for ________ is NOT one of the primary goals proposed by David McClelland. a. achievement c. affiliation b. autonomy d. power ANS: B OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals MSC: Remembering

36. Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of goals that emerge repeatedly in studies of nomothetic goals? a. enjoyment c. avoidance of negative affect b. esteem d. learning ANS: D OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals MSC: Remembering

37. Which of the following is the typical way that primary goals, as defined by McClelland, are assessed? a. having participants list all personally meaningful goals b. completing a standard goal questionnaire c. using the Thematic Apperception Test d. using the Implicit Association Test ANS: C OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals MSC: Understanding

38. Given that Rory works hard on his golf game and pursues excellence, he should score high in which of McClelland’s primary goals? a. achievement c. mastery b. domination d. performance ANS: A OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals

39. Mrs. Garcia often invites her family and friends to her house for lunches and parties. She is also involved with the people in her church group and in the Parent-Teacher Association at her child’s school. According to McClelland’s view of motivations, Mrs. Garcia is high in ________ motivation. a. achievement c. power

b. affiliation ANS: B OBJ: 15.6

d. connectedness DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals

40. Mrs. Khoury enjoys running the office. She likes telling other employees what to do and strives to be promoted to vice president of her company. According to McClelland’s view of motivations, Mrs. Khoury is high in ________ motivation. a. narcissism c. power b. affiliation d. dominance ANS: C OBJ: 15.6

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals

41. Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability. a. entity c. schematic b. incremental d. rigid ANS: A OBJ: 15.11

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals

42. Steven believes that intelligence and ability can change with experience. Steven has a(n) ________ theory of ability. a. entity c. schematic b. incremental d. flexible ANS: B OBJ: 15.11

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Goals: Nomothetic Goals

43. A ________ goal is one in which an individual is interested in self-improvement, and a ________ goal is one in which an individual seeks to validate a personal attribute. a. intrinsic; extrinsic c. extrinsic; intrinsic b. judgment; development d. development; judgment ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Judgment Goals and Development Goals OBJ: 15.6 MSC: Understanding 44. A person with a developmental goal will most likely respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior. a. helpless c. anxiety-driven b. mastery-oriented d. pessimistic ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Judgment Goals and Development Goals OBJ: 15.6 MSC: Understanding 45. A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior. a. helpless c. anxiety-driven b. mastery-oriented d. pessimistic ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Judgment Goals and Development Goals OBJ: 15.6 MSC: Understanding

46. Which of the following theoretical models describes the relationship between views of the world and particular goals? a. Epstein’s cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) b. Dweck’s motivational theory c. Kelly’s personal construct theory d. McCrae and Costa’s characteristic adaptations theory ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals: Judgment Goals and Development Goals OBJ: 15.6 MSC: Analyzing 47. According to research on goals across the life span, individuals who are near the end of their lives typically shift goals from ________. a. exploring the world to having emotionally meaningful experiences b. having emotionally meaningful experiences to accepting decay c. getting along to going at it alone d. the development type to the judgment type ANS: A OBJ: 15.11

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Goals Across the Life Span MSC: Understanding

48. Your expectations about sequences of events that should occur in certain situations are called cognitive ________. a. schemas c. scripts b. expectancies d. projects ANS: C OBJ: 15.7

DIF: Easy REF: Motivation: Strategies MSC: Remembering

49. According to the theory surrounding the Big Five, what term describes the generalized scripts that are produced by the Big Five traits? a. if ... then patterns c. performance goals b. personal projects d. characteristic adaptations ANS: D OBJ: 15.7

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Strategies: Strategies and Traits MSC: Understanding

50. Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have ________. a. the same strategies, leading to different behaviors b. the same strategies, leading to the same behavior c. different strategies, leading to different behaviors d. different strategies, leading to the same behavior ANS: D OBJ: 15.7

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Motivation: Strategies: Strategies and Traits

51. What term describes a person who typically expects the worst so that they can be surprised or even relieved when the worst does not happen? a. defensive optimists c. strategic pessimists b. defensive pessimists d. reverse optimists ANS: B OBJ: 15.7

DIF: Easy REF: Motivation: Strategies: Defensive Pessimism MSC: Remembering

52. Research by Julie Norem indicates that defensive pessimists and eternal optimists likely ________. a. use different strategies but obtain similar ends b. have similar specific goals but different general goals c. use the same strategies but obtain different ends d. have different learning goals but similar performance goals ANS: A OBJ: 15.7

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Strategies: Defensive Pessimism MSC: Understanding

53. Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in ________. a. individualistic cultures b. collectivistic cultures c. handling the diagnosis of a chronic disease d. handing the diagnosis of a terminal disease ANS: B OBJ: 15.7

DIF: Moderate REF: Motivation: Strategies: Defensive Pessimism MSC: Understanding

54. I am preparing for a test in psychology, and I tell you, “I’m sure that I’m going to fail. I’m going to study all night, and I’ll just be happy with anything higher than a C.” You are preparing for the same test and you say, “Oh, come on. We’ve been going to lecture and keeping up with the reading—we just need to review everything tonight and I’m sure we’ll do well on the test.” What would research concerning pessimistic and optimistic strategies predict about our outcomes? a. I will get a higher grade on the test than you will. b. You will get a higher grade on the test than I will. c. We will get about the same grades on...