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Personality, Chapter 8...

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Chapter 08: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the best description for the mind-body problem? a. the degree to which all aspects of human nature are understood in terms of our physical brains and bodies b. the dispute among psychologists as to whether human nature is a product of biological or environmental influences c. the philosophical argument for the physical basis of the mind d. the degree to which neurotransmitters or hormones effect our personality and behavior ANS: A OBJ: 8.1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Anatomy of Personality

2. The most important thing scientists gain by studying animal models for the biological basis of personality is ________. a. learning how to modify our behavior to lower our risk of animal attack b. to gain understanding of our own anatomy by studying animals with similar brain structures as our own c. to better learn how to communicate with them via sign-language d. to help tame animals adjust in the wild ANS: B OBJ: 8.1

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Anatomy of Personality

3. Which brain region secretes several hormones and is located just above the roof of the mouth? a. cingulate c. frontal lobes b. hypothalamus d. hippocampus ANS: B OBJ: 8.2

DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality MSC: Remembering

4. What brain region is responsible for both an individual’s strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing? a. basal ganglia c. frontal lobes b. amygdala d. hippocampus ANS: C OBJ: 8.2

DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality MSC: Understanding

5. Which brain structure is responsible for an individual’s capacity to remember large amounts of information in preparation for an exam? a. basal ganglia c. thalamus b. hypothalamus d. hippocampus ANS: D OBJ: 8.2

DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality MSC: Understanding

6. Nerve fibers that organize and regulate transmissions between nerves are called ________. a. afferent nerves c. interneurons b. efferent nerves d. extraneurons ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: The Anatomy of Personality

OBJ: 8.4

MSC: Remembering

7. Nerves that send messages from the body to the brain are called ________, whereas nerves that carry messages from the brain to the body are called ________. a. afferent nerves; efferent nerves c. interneurons; extraneurons b. efferent nerves; afferent nerves d. extraneurons; interneurons ANS: A OBJ: 8.4

DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality MSC: Remembering

8. The projections from nerves that receive stimulation are called ________ and ________ pass this message on to the next neuron. a. axons; synapses c. afferents; axons b. dendrites; axons d. efferents; synapses ANS: B OBJ: 8.4

DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality MSC: Understanding

9. What part of the human brain seems to be the most distinct from the brains of nonhuman animals? a. hypothalamus c. hippocampus b. amygdala d. neocortex ANS: D OBJ: 8.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Anatomy of Personality

10. What term refers to brain regions that have been injured, removed, or destroyed? a. lesions c. tomographs b. afferent areas d. efferent areas ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Damage OBJ: 8.6 MSC: Remembering 11. What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions? a. electroencephalography b. magnetoencephalography c. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. encephalographic stimulation ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Stimulation OBJ: 8.7 MSC: Remembering 12. As surgeons stimulated a particular part of her brain, Lisa experienced dramatic feelings of hopelessness and dread. According to the text, surgeons are most likely stimulating the central region of the left ________. a. frontal cortex c. amygdala b. substantia nigra d. ascending reticular activating system ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Stimulation OBJ: 8.7 MSC: Applying 13. What neurotransmitter is NOT typically associated with the substantia nigra? a. dopamine c. serotonin

b. norepinephrine

d. oxytocin

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Stimulation OBJ: 8.9 MSC: Remembering 14. ________ is a phenomenon that explains the tendency for the function of one part of the brain to depend on the activity of another. a. Neural context b. Inhibitory activity c. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) d. Perfusion imaging (PI) ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.10 MSC: Understanding 15. What term refers to images of very thin slices of the brain? a. X-rays c. magnetic images b. tomographs d. sonographs ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.6 MSC: Remembering 16. What is the oldest brain-imaging technique? a. electroencephalography (EEG) b. magnetoencephalography (MEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.6 MSC: Remembering 17. The ________ signal shows differences in brain activity levels in one condition versus another condition in an fMRI experiment. a. electroencephalographic (EEG) b. transcranial differential (TD) c. blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) d. perfusion imaging (PI) ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.6 MSC: Remembering 18. Which of the following brain imaging techniques would be most useful to a researcher interested in brain blood flow activity associated with fear after viewing pictures of spiders? a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. computed tomography (CT) d. electroencephalography (EEG) ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.7 MSC: Applying

19. What is NOT a challenge associated with the advancement of neural imaging technology? a. It is sensitive to outside interference. b. It is extremely expensive to acquire and operate. c. It introduces trace amounts of harmful chemicals into the human body. d. It requires expert attention in its operation and statistical analysis. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.8 MSC: Analyzing 20. Recent feedback regarding fMRI research suggests that results from such studies might be misleading and exaggerated due to ________. a. fraudulent data collection practices b. questionable analytic techniques c. unreliable machine hardware d. uncooperative subject participation ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and Imaging OBJ: 8.8 MSC: Analyzing 21. Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or rewards? a. amygdala c. ventromedial cortex b. hippocampus d. neocortex ANS: A OBJ: 8.2

DIF: Easy REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Amygdala MSC: Remembering

22. In 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife, his mother, and 14 more people at the University of Texas before he was killed by police. An autopsy revealed that a tumor affecting Whitman’s ________ was likely the cause for the ________behind his killing spree. a. frontal lobe; emotional experience c. ventromedial cortex; motivation b. amygdala; motivation d. cerebellum; emotional experience ANS: B OBJ: 8.2

DIF: Difficult REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Amygdala MSC: Understanding

23. What piece of evidence best suggests that the frontal lobes are associated with the experience of emotion? a. The left frontal lobe seems to be more active when a person is approaching something pleasant. b. Dopamine has been linked to novelty-seeking behavior. c. Stimulating the hippocampus causes individuals to remember past events. d. Serotonin has been shown to inhibit feelings and impulses. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Frontal Lobes and Emotion OBJ: 8.2 MSC: Understanding 24. The case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrates that ________. a. brain injuries affect physical but not psychological functioning b. injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior c. the amygdala has important effects on fear and anger

d. the right hemisphere is the province of image-oriented, intuitive thinking ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Frontal Lobes and Emotion: The Case of Phineas Gage OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Understanding 25. Early reports about personality and emotional changes in Phineas Gage after his accident led to ________. a. an increased appreciation for substantia nigra b. an increased appreciation for the difficulties with neurosurgeries c. neurosurgeons performing lobotomies to control maladaptive behavior d. a better understanding of how oxytocin functions in the brain ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Frontal Lobes and Emotion: The Case of Phineas Gage OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Applying 26. What part of Phineas Gage’s brain was damaged in his accident? a. hippocampus c. cerebellum b. brain stem d. frontal lobes ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Case of Phineas Gage OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Remembering 27. If damaged, which of the following areas of the brain would result in a flattening out of emotional responses? a. frontal lobe c. amygdala b. corpus collosum d. nucleus accumbens ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Case of Phineas Gage OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Understanding 28. Before brain surgery, Elliott was a good father and held a responsible job. After removal of portions of his frontal lobe, what prediction about Elliott’s personality is likely to come true? a. He will experience visual hallucinations. b. He will experience auditory hallucinations. c. His emotional reactions and decision-making abilities will be impaired. d. He will be even more driven and focused on his work. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Frontal Lobes and Emotion: The Case of Elliot OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Understanding 29. According to Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis, damage to the right frontal lobes impairs a person’s ________, which then impairs his or her ________. a. emotional reactions to events and thoughts; ability to make decisions about what is and is not important b. primary visual and auditory cortexes; ability to distinguish real sensory stimulation from hallucinations c. reptilian brain; ability to perform creative activities as opposed to simple responses and fixed patterns of behavior d. ability to experience pain; fear of consequences ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Frontal Lobes and Emotion: The Case of Elliot OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Understanding 30. Capgras syndrome arises from damage to the ________. a. amygdala c. right frontal lobe b. brain stem d. left frontal lobe ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: Cognition and Emotion OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Remembering 31. Someone inflicted with Capgras syndrome would likely ________. a. spontaneously produce curse words b. have wild emotional swings in response to loved ones c. be unable to experience fear d. fail to feel an emotional response to loved ones ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: Cognition and Emotion OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Understanding 32. What brain region seems to connect the two halves of the brain? a. brain stem c. corpus callosum b. frontal lobes d. hippocampus ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Anterior Cingulate MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 8.2

33. Which brain region is important for detecting a discrepancy between the actual world and expectations about the world? a. hippocampus c. anterior cingulate b. amygdala d. right frontal lobe ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Anterior Cingulate MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 8.2

34. Which of the following would NOT be a pronounced symptom in a patient who suffers frontal lobe damage? a. impaired language abilities b. problems with decision making c. flattened emotional responses d. self-control difficulties ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Lessons of Psychosurgery OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Applying 35. Evidence from brain imaging research and brain damage case studies suggests that the ________ is(are) the location of cognitive control, serving to anticipate and plan the future and help to regulate emotions in response to it. a. frontal lobes c. brain stem b. amygdala d. hippocampus ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: The Anatomy of Personality: The Lessons of Psychosurgery: Brain Stimulation OBJ: 8.2 MSC: Remembering 36. One reason why the results of psychosurgeries are often erratic is that ________. a. different brain structures have different functional roles in different people b. brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas c. tools designed to lesion the brain are not very sophisticated d. the infections that often accompany these surgeries further damage the brain ANS: B OBJ: 8.8 | 8.10

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: The Anatomy of Personality: Brain Systems

37. Which of the following was NOT one of bodily humors? a. blood c. phlegm b. black bile d. marrow ANS: D OBJ: 8.1

DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality MSC: Remembering

38. Galen suggested that there were ________ basic types of personality, each linked to an excessive amount of a different ________. a. five; hormone c. four; bodily humor b. three; neurotransmitter d. two; inhibitory neural mechanism ANS: C OBJ: 8.1

DIF: Moderate REF: Biochemistry and Personality MSC: Understanding

39. According to Galen, an excess of yellow bile would cause a person to most likely ________. a. isolate themselves from others c. be friendly and cheerful at a party b. be thoughtlessly rude and cold d. hold a grudge after an argument ANS: D OBJ: 8.1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Biochemistry and Personality

40. Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons are called ________. a. synapses c. neurotransmitters b. hormones d. inhibitory communicators ANS: C OBJ: 8.2

DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality MSC: Remembering

41. What term describes the junction between two neurons? a. neurotransmitter c. axon b. synapse d. node ANS: B OBJ: 8.4

DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality MSC: Remembering

42. According to the text, the chemicals that make up neurotransmitters are also important in determining the neurotransmitters’ specific behavioral expression. An example of this is ________. a. monoamine oxidase’s breakdown of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin b. endorphin inhibition due to levels of certain other hormones c. the length of the neurotransmitter’s axon determining the strength of its expression d. the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) affecting the speed of any neural impulse ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: Biochemistry and Personality

OBJ: 8.4

MSC: Analyzing

43. According to research by modern health psychologists, the choleric, or chronically hostile, person seems to be at extra risk for ________. a. a heart attack c. diabetes b. cancer d. Alzheimer’s disease ANS: A OBJ: 8.5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Biochemistry and Personality

44. The term ________ refers to the body’s natural painkillers, which are chemicals that act in an ________ fashion. a. monoamine oxidase; excitatory c. endorphins; inhibitory b. dopamine; inhibitory d. serotonin; excitatory ANS: C OBJ: 8.3 | 8.4

DIF: Moderate REF: Biochemistry and Personality MSC: Understanding

45. The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that ________. a. respond to reward c. block the effects of opiates b. generate acute feelings of anxiety d. generate vertigo ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Dopamine OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Remembering 46. According to DeYoung’s theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of plasticity? a. oxytocin c. serotonin b. monoamine oxidase d. dopamine ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Dopamine OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Remembering 47. What brain structure in conjunction with dopamine works to form the Go system in Gray’s model? a. ascending reticular activating system b. substantia nigra c. nucleus accumbens d. amygdala ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Dopamine OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Remembering 48. According to Jeffrey Gray’s theory, dopamine is associated with the ________ system, which he argues produces and reinforces the motivation to ________. a. behavioral activation; seek rewards b. ascending reticular activating; seek interpersonal contact c. behavioral activation; seek interpersonal contact d. ascending reticular activating; seek rewards ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Dopamine OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Analyzing 49. What is the technical name for drugs like Prozac?

a. b. c. d.

selective serotonin depletion inhibitors selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors serotonin selection and reuptake facilitators serotonin reuptake facilitators

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Serotonin OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Remembering 50. According to DeYoung’s theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of stability? a. oxytocin c. serotonin b. monoamine oxidase d. dopamine ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Serotonin OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Remembering 51. Wayne tends to suffer from chronic pessimism, is hypersensitive to rejection, worries obsessively, and is prone to sudden bursts of irrational anger. He is exhibiting the symptoms of ________. a. high norepinephrine levels c. hormonal imbalance b. serotonin depletion d. low dopamine levels ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Serotonin OBJ: 8.3 MSC: Applying 52. The chemicals that are released from the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex are called ________, whereas the chemicals released by bioelectrical impulses throughout the brain are called ________. a. synapses; hormones b. hormones; neurotransmitters c. neurotransmitters; synapses d. inhibitory communicators; dendrites ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Hormones OBJ: 8.2 MSC: Understanding 53. Which hormone is associated with the fight-or-flight response? a. epinephrine c. monoamine oxidase b. serotonin d. dopamine ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine OBJ: 8.2 MSC: Remembering 54. During the prehistoric era of human development, women were most likely to calm everyone down and band people together when faced with a threat. According to S. E. Taylor, what hormone is associated with this response? a. epinephrine c. oxytocin b. serotonin d. dopamine ANS: C DIF: Moderate...