Sample/practice exam 2016, questions and answers PDF

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Introduction to Human Body Question 1 Match the listed body system to its major function Integumentary system

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Lymphatic system

Respiratory system

Endocrine system

Digestive system

Nervous system

Cardiovascular system

Renal system

Reproductive system

Answer 1

Answer 2

Answer 3

Answer 4

Answer 5

Answer 6

Answer 7

Answer 8

Answer 9

Answer 10

Answer 11

Forms a sensitive external body covering

Provides a framew ork for muscle attachment

Maintains posture

Returns plasma leaked from blood vessels

Supplies oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide

Secretes hormones that control many body processes

Breaks dow n food into molecules that can be absorbed

Responds rapidly to stimuli to control many body processes

Transports nutrients, w astes and other substances betw een organs

Removes nitrogen containing w astes from the body

Produces offspring

Feedback Well done. You correctly matched the body system to its major function.

Question 2 Identify the simplest level of body organisation below. Select one: a. Chemical Well done. The smallest level of organisation is the chemical level while the largest is the organism. b. Cellular c. Tissue d. Organ e. Organ System f. Organism Question 3 The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called ______ and it occurs primarily through ______. Select one: a. Homeostasis : negative feedback Correct! Well done, the process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called homeostasis and it occurs primarily through negative feedback. b. Intrinsic control : homeostasis c. Negative feedback : intrinsic control d. Intrinsic control : negative feedback e. Positive feedback : intrinsic control Question 4 Physiology is the study of? Select one: a. The structure of the body b. The structure of tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level c. The markings on bones d. The normal functions of the organ systems Correct! Well done, the study of the normal functions of the organ systems is the example of physiology in the list. e. The facial features as an indication of personality Question 5 Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. Select one:

a. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. Correct! Well done, the study of cytology considers the cells of the body and not the structures of a particular body region. b. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. c. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. d. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. e. Surface anatomy: study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying Question 6 The regulation of body temperature is an example of which type of homeostatic control? Select one: a. Negative feedback Correct! Well done, the homeostatic control of body temperature results from negative feedback. b. Positive feedback c. Homeostatic imbalance d. Hormonal control e. Intrinsic control Question 7 Match each of the listed major macromolecules with its building block (monomer) Carbohydrates

Proteins

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 1

Answer 2

Answer 3

Monosaccharides

Amino Acids

Nucleotides

Question 8 Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? Select one: a. It is considered the cause of most diseases Correct! Well done, homeostatic imbalance is considered to be the cause of most diseases. b. Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally.

c. The internal environment is becoming more stable. d. Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. Question 9 Which of the following are the three (3) major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity? Select one: a. Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic Well done. The major divisions of the body cavities include the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. b. Pleural, pericardial, thoracic c. Cranial, thoracic, abdominopelvic d. Spinal, dorsal, abdominopelvic e. Cranial, pleural, pelvic Question10 What is the most important energy-transferring compound in cells? Select one: a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Protein d. Adenosine triphosphate Correct! Well done, the most important energy-transferring compound in cells is ATP. e. Deoxyribonucleic acid

Cell Structure and Function Question 1 Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific ________ on another cell. Select one: a. Receptor Correct! Cells can communicate with each other through the release of chemicals that bind to receptors on other cells. b. Organelle c. Nucleus d. Clathrin-coated vesicle e. Phagosome

Question 2 Question text What is the primary function of the mitochondria? Select one: a. They are the main sites of ATP production Correct! The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell synthesising the majority of the ATP. b. They build cholesterol. c. They are the primary sites of protein production in a cell. d. They are the main sites for photosynthesis. e. They are the main sites for packaging, modifying and segregating proteins in the cell. Question 3 During transcription, ________. Select one: a. DNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus b. RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus Correct! Transcription is the process of copying information from the DNA to the mRNA. c. RNA is synthesized from DNA in the cytoplasm d. Protein is synthesized from RNA in the nucleus e. Protein is synthesized from RNA in the cytoplasm Question 4 Question text The tails of a phospholipid molecule are: Select one: a. Hydrophilic b. Composed of amino acids c. Hydrophobic Correct! The tails of the phospholipid molecule are hydrophobic. d. Facing the cytosol e. Interlocked to provide membrane strength Question 5 Question text Match each term to its description

Transcription

Translation

Answer 1

Answer 2

Transfer of DNA to mRNA

mRNA is used to form an amino acid sequence

Correct! Transcription is the transfer of DNA to mRNA and translation occurs when mRNA is used to form and amino acid sequence. Question 6 Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes? Select one: a. Proteins b. Eicosanoids Correct! Eicosanoids are not found in cell plasma membranes. c. Cholesterol d. Carbohydrates e. Phospholipids Question 7 The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? Select one: a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Phospholipids e. All of the given answers The nucleus stores the information needed to synthesize nearly all of the molecules required for a functioning cell. Question 8 Which of the following is not true in relation to ATP? Select one: a. ATP is produced in the mitochondria b. Aerobic respiration ultimately leads to less ATP production per molecule of glucose breakdown than anaerobic respiration Correct! Aerobic respiration is the most efficient way to produce ATP.

c. The energy from the breakdown of molecules like carbohydrates serves to form ATP from ADP and Pi d. Energy from the breakdown of ATP can be used in cell movement e. ATP breakdown helps maintain core body temperature Question 9 Match each cellular structure to its function. Mitochondrion

Answer 1

Nucleus

Answer 2

Cytosol

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Answer 4

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

Aerobic energy production

Controls cell functioning

Liquid/fluid inside cells

Modify and package proteins for export from cell

Formation of proteins

Congratulations! You have correctly matched the structure with its function. Question 10 Label the organelles in the figure below

E D Mitochondrion

A

Vesicle-exocytosis

C Golgi apparatus

D

Answer 4

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B

E

Answer 5

Nucleolus

Congratulations! You have correctly matched the structure with its name.

Movement of molecules Question 1 Osmosis refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes? Select one: a. Glucose b. Charged particles c. Lipid molecules d. Water Correct. Osmosis describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. e. Solutes Question 2 There are two types of diffusion: simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Which of the following properties do both types of diffusion share? Select one: a. No energy is required b. The process is described as ‘passive’ c. Solutes move down their concentration gradients d. Solutes transported are not very large proteins e. All of the given answer are correct Correct, both simple and facilitated diffusion share all of the above properties. Diffusion describes the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down their concentration gradient. This may occur through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane as in simple diffusion or through protein channels that are integral components of the membrane as in facilitated diffusion. Neither simple or facilitated diffusion require energy and are therefore described as passive processes. Since diffusion occurs either directly through the lipid bilayer or through protein channels the sizes of substances that are able to be transported in this manner are small in size. Question 3 Which of the following correctly rank the major body fluid compartments in order of increasing volume? Select one: a. Intracellular, plasma, interstitial

b. Plasma, interstitial, intracellular Correct. Approximately 60% of total body weight is water. Within the body, water is divided into a number of compartments, the largest being the fluid found within cells referred to as intracellular fluid making up 40% of total body weight. The remaining 20% of body weight is contained within the extracellular compartments. The interstitial compartment contains fluid which surrounds all the cells in the body and makes up 80% of the extracellular compartment. The smallest compartment is the plasma compartment which makes up the remaining 20% of the extracellular division, this is the fluid contained in the blood. In order of increasing volumes, the correct order is therefore plasma, interstitial and intracellular compartments. c. Intracellular, interstitial, plasma d. Plasma, intracellular, interstitial e. Interstitial, plasma, intracellular Question 4 What would the osmolarity of 150 mM of sodium chloride dissolved in 1L of solution be? Select one: a. 150 mOsm/L b. 300 mOsm/L That is correct. Osmolarity is determined by the number of solute particles. When a solute such as sodium chloride is dissolved in solution it has a tendency to dissociate into its constituent ions - 150 mM NaCl dissociates to 150 mOsm/L Na+ and 150 mOsm/L Cl- to give a final osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L. c. 75 mOsm/L d. 150 mM Question 5 What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? Select one: a. It will swell in size b. It will shrink in size Correct. A hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of non-penetrating particles than the cell. Water will move out of the cell to try and equalise the water concentration on either side of the membrane. This will cause the cell to shrink. c. It will stay the same size d. It will be stimulated to divide Question 6 Which is a form of transport that involves the movement of molecules into a cell without passing through the plasma membrane? Select one: a. Diffusion

b. Osmosis c. Facilitated diffusion d. Endocytosis Correct. Endocytosis is a type of vesicular transport involving the engulfment of material within a plasma membrane vesicle. Since the substances are surrounded by membrane before it enters into the cytoplasm, they are never required to pass through the plasma membrane itself. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis all require substances to pass across the plasma membrane but it is important to remember that some substances will pass through protein channels inserted into the membrane rather than through the phospholipid bilayer itself. Question 7 Which of the following statements about the Na+-K+ ATPase pump is false? Select one: a. It transports Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells b. It binds to and hydrolyses ATP c. It is constantly active in all cells. d. Its activity requires the expenditure of metabolic energy e. It transports Na+ and K+ in a ratio of 1:1 Correct. The Na+-K+ ATPase transports 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions that are transported into the cells. Question 8 If all conditions remain the same and the concentration of a non-penetrating solute increases inside a cell, which is most likely to occur? Select one: a. Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity Correct. When you increase the concentration of a non-penetrating solute within the cell, the contents of the cell become hypertonic with respect to its external environment or thinking of it another way, the relative concentration of water decreases. Water will move from the external environment into the cell to try and balance out this concentration gradient. b. Water will tend to leave the cells because the interior has an increased osmolarity c. Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has a decreased osmolarity d. Water will tend to leave the cell because the interior has a decreased osmolarity Question 9 The intracellular concentration of water in the cells of the body is normally: Select one: a. higher than the extracellular concentration

b. the same as the extracellular concentration Correct. The concentration of water is normally the same both inside and outside the cell. Since water is able to move freely from one side of the cell to the other, even if there is a slight change on one side water will move to ensure that the system is always balanced. c. lower than the extracellular concentration d. not linked to the extracellular concentration Question 10 Which of the following solutions is not isotonic to human cells? Select one: a. 150 mM NaCl b. 300 mM urea Correct. Urea is a freely permeable solute and therefore has no effect on tonicity. c. 100 mM MgCl2 d. 300 mOsm NaCl e. 300 mM Glucose

Nervous System Question 1 The depolarization phase of the action potential is due to: Select one: a. The increased activity sodium-potassium ATP pump b. Increases in potassium ions moving out of the cell c. Increased sodium ion influx Correct. Opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels at threshold potential, results in sodium ions (Na+) moving into the cell (down their concentration gradient) and hence depolarization. d. Opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels e. Inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels Question 2 Label the diagram of a typical neuron. A

Answer 1

Axon terminal

B

C

D

Answer 2

Answer 3

Answer 4

Dendrites

Myelinated axon

Cell body

Feedback Your answer is correct. Axon terminal is the end of the axon. It forms a synaptic junction with the postsynaptic cell. Dendrites are extensions of the neuron cell body. They receive synaptic input from other neurons. Myelinated axon is the area of an axon covered by the insulating material commonly provided by Schwann cells. Cell body is the part of the cell which contains the nucleus. Question 3 The repolarization phase of the action potential is due to: Select one: a. The decreased activity sodium-potassium ATP pump b. Increases in potassium ions moving out of the cell Correct. Slow opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels at threshold potential but only being fully open at the peak of the action potential (+30mV), results in potassium ions (K+) moving out of the cell (down their concentration gradient) and hence repolarization. c. Increased sodium ion influx d. Closing of the voltage-gated potassium channels e. Inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels Question 4 Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that occur during synaptic transmission? Select one: a. Action potential arrives at axon terminal, neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter binds to receptor, postsynaptic cell responds Correct. Synaptic transmission occurs when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. This triggers release of the neurotransmitter (NT) substance from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft and subsequent binding to their receptors. The binding of the NT to their receptor results in the postsynaptic response - commonly stimulation but sometimes inhibition, depending on the presynaptic neuron and the NT it releases. b. Action potential arrives at axon terminal, postsynaptic cell responds, neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter binds to receptor

c. Action potential arrives at axon terminal, neurotransmitter binds to receptor, neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft, postsynaptic cell responds d. Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft, action potential arrives at axon terminal, neurotransmitter binds to receptor, postsynaptic cell responds e. Postsynaptic cell responds, action potential arrives at axon terminal, neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter binds to receptor Question 5 In a neuron at resting membrane potential (RMP): Select one: a. There are more sodium leak channels than potassium leak channels b. Sodium ions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside c. Potassium ions are more concentrated outside the cell than inside d. Potassium is more permeable than sodium Correct. Potassium is more permeable across the membrane at rest because there are more potassium leak channels than sodium. e. The sodium potassium ATP pump is inactive Question 6 IPSP’s: Select one: a. Are inhibitory Correct. IPSP’s or inhibitory post synaptic potentials are small inhibitory graded potentials. b. Always result in inhibition of the post synaptic cell c. Are small depolarizations d. Are a neurotransmitter substance released at a synapse e. Occur at receptor endings Question 7 Identify each of the divisions of the nervous system by correctly inserting the listed components of the nervous system (A -H) in the relevant boxes. A

B

Answer 1

Answer 2

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

C

Answer 3

D

Answer 4

E

Answer 5

F

Answer 6

G

Answer 7

H

Answer 8

Spinal cord

Afferent (Sensory) Nervous System

Efferent (Motor) Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Feedback Your answer is correct. The central nervous system is one of two major divisions of the nervous system and consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is one of two major divisions of the nervous system and consists of all nerve fibres that extend to and from the CNS. The spinal cord is one of two structures that make up the central nervous system. Afferent (sensory) nervous system is one of two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and includes all nerve fibres that trans...