Exam 5 answered key PDF

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2 TEST # 5. CHAPTER 25, 27, & 28 These questions were collected directly from the exam...

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2 TEST # 5. CHAPTER 25, 27, & 28.

1) Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

A) A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.B)

2) What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?A) Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.B) They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.C) They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.D) They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help activly excrete toxins. *

B) They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

3) The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.A) helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space B) is easily broken and replaced often. C) aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste. D) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

D) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

4) The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.A) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma

on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane.B) The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane.C) Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys.D) The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate. *

A) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane

5) The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?A) too much protein in the dietB) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissuesC) damage to the filtration membraneD) damage to the renal tubules

C damage to the filtration membrane 6) Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.A) The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole.B) The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole.C) The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.D) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole. *

D) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

7) Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

A) increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane

B) decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration

C) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration

D) neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration

8) If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?A) Glomerular filtration rate will increase.B) Net filtration pressure will increase.C) Urine output will increase.D) Systemic blood pressure will go up. *

D Systemic blood pressure will go up. 9) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.B) Net filtration pressure will decrease.C) Urine output will decrease.D) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. *

D Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

10) If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.B) Net filtration pressure will decrease.C) Urine output will decrease.D) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. *

D Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

11) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?A) Glomerular filtration rate will

increase.B) Net filtration pressure will increase.C) Urine output will increase.D) Systemic blood pressure will go up. *

D) Systemic blood pressure will go up. *

12) If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur?A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.B) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered.C) Urine output will decrease.D) Net filtration rate will decrease. *

B) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered. 13) If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decreaseB) Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decreaseC) Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increaseD) Kidney perfusion will increase *

D) Kidney perfusion will increase

14) Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?A) Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.B) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR.C) Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes.D) Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure. *

B) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR

15) Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal

convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the

following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?A) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrateB) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluidC) loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cellsD) loss of K+ leak channels at the

apical surface

C) loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

16) Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.A) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arterioleB) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaryC) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillaryD) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium *

D) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium *

17) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.A) nephron loopB) glomerular filtration membraneC) collecting ductD) distal convoluted tubule *

A) nephron loop

18) Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?A) a podocyteB) a vasa rectaC) a fenestrated capillaryD) an efferent arteriole *

a vasa recta 19) An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.A) decrease in the production of ADH B) increase in the production of ADHC) increase in the production of aldosteroneD) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma *

B) increase in the production of ADH

20) The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.A) transitionalB) simple squamousC) stratified squamousD) pseudostratified columnar *

A) transitional

21) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilatedB) when the pH of the urine decreasesC) by a decrease in the blood pressureD) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 *

C) by a decrease in the blood pressure

22) Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of bloodB) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormonesC) maintains blood osmolarityD) eliminates solid,

undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat *

23) The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.A) lobarB) arcuateC) interlobarD) cortical radiate *

B) arcuate

24) The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.A) has a basement membraneB) is impermeable to most substancesC) is drained by an efferent arterioleD) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems *

C) is drained by an efferent arteriole

25) The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.A) is not permeable to waterB) is freely permeable to sodium and ureaC) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubuleD) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla *

D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla *

26) Select the correct statement about the ureters.A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. *

C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

27) The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficientlyB) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal positionC) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneysD) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney *

B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

28) The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulusB) the descending nephron loopC) the renal pyramidD) the renal papilla *

A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

29) The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the

.A) nephronB) nephron

loopC) glomerular capsuleD) capsular space *

A) nephron

30) Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?A) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.B) It helps control systemic blood pressure.C) Its granular cells produce rennin.D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. *

D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

31) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.A) the ionic electrochemical gradientB) protein-regulated diffusionC) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries *

C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

32) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?A) the stretching of the bladder wallB) motor neuronsC) the pressure of the fluid in the bladderD) the sympathetic efferents *

A) the stretching of the bladder wall

33) The filtration membrane includes all except ________.A) glomerular endotheliumB) podocytesC) renal fasciaD) basement membrane *

C) renal fascia

34) The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.A) active transportB) osmosisC) filtrationD) cotransport with sodium ions *

B) osmosis

35) Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.A) not limited by a transport maximumB) in the distal convoluted tubuleC) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segmentsD) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached *

C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

36) The macula densa cells respond to ________.A) aldosteroneB) antidiuretic hormoneC) changes in pressure in the tubuleD) changes in Na+ content of the filtrate *

D) changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

37) Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?A) Na+B) K+C) glucoseD) creatinine *

C) glucose

38) The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.A) glucoseB) hormonesC) electrolytesD) plasma protein *

D) plasma protein

39) Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cellsB) increases the rate of glomerular filtrationC) increases secretion of ADHD) inhibits the release of ADH *

D) inhibits the release of ADH

40) The function of angiotensin II is to ________.A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressureB) decrease the production of aldosteroneC) decrease arterial blood pressureD) decrease water absorption *

A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

41)All of the following things occur during meiosis I with the exception of one thing. Select the statement below that does not occur during meiosis I.A) The homologous chromosomes are separated from each other.B) A single diploid (2n) cell has become two haploid (n) cells.C) The sister chromatids are separated from each other.D) Portions of maternal chromosomes crossover with equivalent portions of paternal chromosomes. *

C) The sister chromatids are separated from each other.

42)Which of the following statements is true of metaphase I of meiosis I?A) Tetrads align randomly on the spindle equator with all the maternal homologs on one side and all the paternal homologs on the opposite side.B) Joined homologous pair uniformly line up on the equatorial spindle with chromosome one at the top and chromosome 23 on the bottom.C) The sister chromatids line up randomly on the spindle equator with some maternal and paternal chromatids on both sides of the equator.D) Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells. *

D) Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells. *

43)Select the statement below that is false.A) A cell undergoing meiosis results in 4 cells while a cell undergoing mitosis results in two cells.B) Meiosis results in haploid cells while mitosis results in diploid cells.C) Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body's cells.D) Meiosis occurs only after the onset of puberty and produces genetically unique cells while mitosis occurs throughout an entire life time and produces genetically identical cells. *

C) Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body's cells.

44)Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment.A) Its effects are significant in meiosis and in mitosis.B) It is a significant source of genetic variation that occurs in meiosis I and meiosis II.C) It only occurs in meiosis II.D) It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I. *

D) It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.

45)Select the statement which is false.A) Further genetic variation typically does not occur after meiosis I.B) Meiosis II is essential the same process as mitosis except the starting cells are haploid (n).C) Meiosis II is essential the same process as mitosis except the genetic material will not replicate before division takes place.D) Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis. *

D) Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.

46)All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.A) Early spermatids have not undergone spermiogenesis.B) Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid.C) Early spermatids have not formed a flagella.D) Early spermatids are round and have excessive cytoplasm. *

B) Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid.

47)Duringspermiogenesis ________.A) the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilizationB) the acrosome migrates towards the posterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for digestion of the excessive cytoplasm around the flagella of the developing spermC) the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its pointy shape helps the sperm to move more

efficientlyD) the acrosome migrates towards the posterior end of the spermatid because of its ability to propel the flagella moving the sperm through the female reproductive system towards the egg *

A) the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic

enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilizatio

48)All but one of the events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the event that does not occur during spermiogenesis.A) Mitochondria form around the proximal end of the flagellum. They will provide the ATP to drive the motion of the flagellum.B) Excessive cytoplasm will be shed to reduce unneeded mass of the maturing sperm.C) The centrioles migrate to the posterior end of the developing sperm to form the microtubules that make up the flagellum.D) Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization. *

D) Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization.

49)All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is false.A) Sustentocytes form the barrier with tight junctions.B) The barrier separates the spermatocytes dividing by meiosis from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system.C) The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment.D) The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels i...