Exam March 2016, Questions And Answers PDF

Preview

Summary

I did the midterm for this class and these were the exact questions on it!!...

Description

Human Motor Control & Learning Midterm and Exam

CHAPTER The Classification of Motor Skills .)

The performance of any motor skill is influenced by characteristics of:

.

a) The performer

.

b) The environment

.

c) The skill itself

.

d) All of the above

.Ans:

D

.2)

The term skill is used to denote:

.

a) A task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve

.

b) The degree of competence or capacity to perform a task

.

c) The activity in nervous system that underlies movement

.

d) A and B

.Ans:

D

.3)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skills and actions:

.

a) They are innate

.

b) There is a goal to achieve

.

c) They are performed voluntarily

.

d) They require movement of joints and body segments

.Ans: A

.4)

Locomotion is an example of which of the following terms?

.

a) Movement

.

b) Ability

.

c) Performance measure

.

d) Action

.Ans:

D

.5)

The specific pattern of limb motions used in throwing a ball is an example of:

.

a) An action

.

b) A movement

.

c) A neuromotor process

.

d) A reflex

.Ans:

B

CHAPTER 2 The Measurement of Motor Performance .)

Which two events mark the beginning and the end of the interval known as reaction time?

.

a) Warning signal and stimulus signal

.

b) Stimulus signal and initiation of the response

.

c) Stimulus signal and the completion of the response

.

d) Warning signal and the initiation of the response

.Ans:

B

.2)

An individual must respond to only one of several signals presented in this type of reaction time. a) Simple RT

b) Choice RTc) Discrimination RT d) Serial RTAns: C .3)

This error measure evaluates performance consistency during a series of trials. a) AE b) CE c) VE d) E Ans: C

.4)

This error measure evaluates overall accuracy during a series of trials. a) AE b) CE c) VE d) RE Ans: A

.5)

To determine muscle activation patterns, this measurement method could be used. a) EMG b) EEGc) Kineticsd) Kinematics Ans: A

.

6) The change in spatial position of a limb is called: a) Displacement. b) Velocity. c) Acceleration. d) Linear motion.

. .

Ans: A 7) Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are ___________ measures of motion. a) Kinetic b) Kinematic c) Force d) Angular motion

.

Ans: B

.

8) The term kinetics refers to motion caused by ___________. a) V elocity b) Angular acceleration c) Force d) Movement

. .

Ans: C 9) The measure of muscle activity that detects the lateral displacement of a muscle’s belly following maximal percutaneous neuromuscular stimulation is referred to as: a) Electromyography (EMG) b) Whole muscle mechanomyography (wMMG) c) Electroencephalography (EEG) d) Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

.

Ans: B

.

0) Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to measure activity in the: a) Brain b) Muscles c) Brain and muscles d) None of the above

.

Ans: C

.

) EEG recordings will show __________ waves when the

cerebral cortex is active. a) Alpha b) Beta c) Theta d) Delta Ans: B .

2) This brain activity measurement technique realigns hydrogen atoms in the body and may provide clear 2D and 3D images of the brain.a) EEG

b) PET c) EMG d) fMRI Ans: D Short Answer .3)

The interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement is called ______. An s we r : Movement time

.4)

A person had the following error scores for a series of 5 trials: +5, -3, +8, +8, -6. The average AE score is ________. An s we r :8

.5)

Variable error is an indicator of a person’s performance ________ when performing a skill that requires hitting a target.An s we r : consistency [Also acceptable: variability]

.6)

The kinematic measure of motor performance that describes the speeding up and slowing down of a movement is called ________.An s we r : acceleration

.7)

The method of recording electrical activity in the muscles during movement is called ________. An s we r : EMG [or electromyography]

.8)

If you want to describe the movement of an object in a straight line, the type of motion you would describe is referred to as ________.An s we r : linear

.9)

Force can be calculated from the kinematics of a movement if you know the mass of the moving object and the ________ of the movement.An s we r : acceleration

.20)

The rotary force of body segments around their joints axes is known as joint ________. An s we r : torque

.2)

The brain activity measurement technique that shows blood flow in the brain is known as ________. An s we r : PET [or Positron Emission Topography]

.22)

The calculation of ______________ provides an objective measure of the coordination between two limbs or limb segments by comparing the specific location of each limb or limb segment in one cycle of a cyclic movement.Answer: relative phase [or continuous relative phase]

CHAPTER 3 Motor Abilities .)

The term ability refers to:

.

a) How well a person performs a skill

.

b) An individual capacity that underlies performance

.

c) How quickly a skill can be learned

.

d) Probability for high level of performance

.Ans:

B

.2)

.

.

.

The general motor ability hypothesis proposes that individuals have: a) One motor ability that determines a person’s potential to perform motor skills b) One motor ability that predicts how well a person will perform specific skills c) Many specific motor abilities that are highly related to each other

.

d) Many specific motor abilities that are independent of each other

.Ans:

C

.3)

Research suggests that static and dynamic balance abilities are:

.

a) Independent motor abilities

.

b) Highly related motor abilities

.

c) Moderately related motor abilities d) Independent for some skills and highly related for other skills

.

.Ans: A .4)

Research suggests that the ability to precisely time movements is:

.

a) Controlled by a common internal clock for all tasks

.

b) Task specific

.

c) Acquired only through practice d) Dependent on whether a task is an open or closed motor skill

.

.Ans: .5)

B

Research suggests that reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are:

.

a) Independent motor abilities

.

b) Highly related motor abilities

.

c) Moderately related motor abilities

.

d) None of these

.Ans: A .6)

To develop his taxonomy of human perceptual-motor abilities, Fleishman:

.

a) Gave an extensive battery of tests to many people

.

b) Interviewed many people about their motor skill experiences

.

c) Observed many highly skilled athletes

.

d) Did many task analyses for many different motor skills

.Ans: A .7)

The ability to make skillful hand movements to manipulate objects is known as:

.

a) Arm-hand coordination

.

b) Limb coordination

.

c) Finger dexterity

.

d) Manual dexterity

.Ans:

D

.8) .

.

Compared to static balance, dynamic balance: a) Involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not b) Involves the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary, while static balance does not

c) Involves balancing on two limbs, while static balance involves balancing on one limb

.

d) Involves balancing on one limb while static balance involves balancing on two limbs

.

.Ans: A .9)

In addition to identifying perceptual-motor abilities, Fleishman also identified __________abilities.

.

a) Athletic

.

b) General motor

.

c) Strength and endurance

.

d) Physical proficiency

.Ans:

D

Short Answer .0)

The hypothesis that proposes the many motor abilities that characterize people are highly related to each other is known as the _______ motor ability hypothesis.An s we r : general

.)

The type of timing used by dancers to maintain a specific rhythm and tempo when no music is playing is called _______ timing.An s we r : internal

.2)

The ability to coordinate the movement of a number of limbs simultaneously is known as ________.

Chapter 3 Motor Abilities .

Ans we r : multi-limb coordination 3) The ability to make skillful, well-directed arm-hand

movements that involve manipulating objects rather quickly is known as ________.Ans we r : manual dexterity .6)

This area of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for organizing movements before they are initiated.

.

a) Primary motor cortex

.

b) Premotor area

.

c) Supplementary motor area

.

d) Parietal lobe

.Ans:

B

.7)

Parkinson’s disease is the result of a dysfunction of this area of the brain.

.

a) Cerebral cortex

.

b) Cerebellum

.

c) Basal ganglia

.

d) Diencephalons

.Ans:

C

.8)

The copy of neural signals about an intended movement sent by the motor cortex to the cerebellum is known as the:

.

a) motor output copy.

.

b) sensorimotor copy.

.

c) cortico-cerebellar copy.

.

d) efference copy.

.Ans:

D

.9)

This part of the brain is not a part of the brainstem that is significantly involved in motor control?

.

a) Substantia nigra

.

b) Pons

.

c) Medulla

.

d) Reticular formation

.Ans: A .0)

The pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts are two of which of the following types of tracts of

the spinal cord? .a)

Ascending tracts

.b)

Descending tracts

.c)

Lateral tracts

.d)

Anterior tracts

Ans: B ) A motor unit consists of:a) the alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.b) all the alpha motor neurons activated for a specific movement.c) the alpha and gamma motor neurons associated with each muscle involved in a specific movement.d) all the gamma motor neurons activated for a specific movement.

CHAPTER 4 Neuromotor Basis for Motor Control .)

The nerve fiber that transmits information from the neuron is

the: a) Dendrite b) Axonc) Synapse d) Myelin Ans: B .2)

Motor neurons are also called:

.

a) Interneurons

.

b) Afferent neurons

.

c) Efferent neurons

.

d) Impulse neurons

.Ans:

C

.3)

This type of neuron is most frequently found in the nervous system.

.

a) interneurons.

.

b) Afferent neurons.

.

c) Efferent neurons.

.

d) Impulse neurons.

.Ans: A .4)

The forebrain consists of the

.

a) Cerebrum and diencephalon.

.

b) Cerebellum and brainstem.

.

c) Cerebrum and cerebellum.

.

d) Diencephalon and brainstem.

.Ans: A .5)

The __________ cortex is the location of the transition between the perception of sensory information and the

resulting action.a) Sensoryb) motor c) Sensorimotor d) Association Ans: D Ans: A 2) Carson and Kelso demonstrated that to fully understand the neural correlates of motor control, in addition to identifying brain region and muscle innervation characteristics, we need to know: .a)

Movement force characteristics

.b)

Peripheral nervous system involvement

.c)

Action goals of the movements

.d)

Individual difference characteristics of the performer of the movements

Ans: C Short Answer .3)

The are extensions from the neuron’s cell body that are primarily responsible for receiving information from other neurons.An s we r : dendrites

.4)

Sensory neurons are also known as afferent

.5)

The thin tissue of nerve cells that covers the cerebral cortex is call matter. An s we r : gray

.6)

The most posterior lobe of the cerebral cortex, which is especially important for visual perception, is the lobe. An s we r : occipital

.7)

The areas of the cerebral cortex that would interconnect the various cortex areas needed to perform a choice reaction time

neurons. An s we r :

task are known as the .8)

areas.An s we r : association

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a lack of production of by the substantia nigra.

Chapter 4 Neuromotor Basis for Motor Control!

Ans we r : dopamine9) The pyramidal tracts are a set of pathways in the nervous system. Ans we r : motor True-False 20) The nervous system contains fewer sensory neurons than either motor neurons or interneurons. A. True B. False Ans: A CHAPTER 5 Motor Control Theories .)

The world-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking stated that which of the following should describe a large class of observations and accurately predict the results of future observations?a) Hypothesis b) Model c) Schema d) Theory Ans: D

.2)

Coordination should be considered in terms of body and limb movement patterns in relation to:

.

a) How the body and limb movement patterns can selforganize

.

b) Patterns of environmental objects and events

.

c) The characteristics of open- and closed-loop control systems

.

d) The invariant features of a generalized motor program

.Ans:

B

.3)

The degrees of freedom problem, which the nervous system must solve so that a person can achieve the action goal of a complex motor skill, involves determining: a) If an open-loop or closed-loop system is needed to control the action

.

b) The amount of force needed to achieve an action goal

.

c) The organization of muscles, limbs, and joints needed to achieve an action goal

.

d) Which environmental cues are relevant for performing the skill

.

.Ans:

C

.4)

An important difference between the open- and closed-loop control systems is that the: a) Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does notb) Open-loop system involves feedback; the closed-loop system does notc) Closedloop system involves movement instructions; the open-loop system does not d) Open-loop system involves movement instructions; the closed-loop system does not Ans: A

.5)

The action of throwing a dart at a dartboard is an example of a motor skill that is controlled by:

a) A closed-loop control system .b)

An open-loop control system

.c)

Both open-loop and closed-loop control systems

.d)

Feedback

Ans: B .6)

Which of the following types of motor control theories

emphasizes the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action? a) Chaos theories b) Dynamical systems theories c) Motor program theories d) All of these .Ans: .7)

C

According to Schmidt’s motor program-based theory of motor control, the mechanism primarily responsible for the control of coordinated movement controls: a) A class of actions b) All actions involving limbs on the same side c) All actions involving the same limb d) Specific movements

.Ans: A .8)

According to Schmidt’s motor program-based theory of motor control, which of the following would be controlled by the same generalized motor program (GMP)? a) Hitting a golf ball and hitting a pitched baseball b) Throwing a ball overhand and underhand c) Using either hand to reach for and grasp an object d) Walking and running

.Ans:

C

.9)

In Shapiro and others’ experiment on relative timing patterns in walking and running, a motor program-based theory of motor control would conclude that: a) A motor program type of control mechanism does not control walking or running b) Both walking and running are controlled by the same GMP c) Each of the various speeds of walking and running is controlled by its own GMP d) One GMP controls walking and a different GMP controls running

.Ans: .0)

D

According to the dynamical systems theory, which of the following define, or identify, a specific movement pattern? a) Control parameters b) Movement duration

c) Order parameters d) Relative timing Ans: C .)

The dynamical systems theory indicates that skilled action is controlled by the nervous system constraining functionally specific collectives of muscles and joints, which are known as:

.

a) Coordinative structures

.

b) Degrees of freedom

.

c) Generalized motor programs

.

d) Motor units

.Ans: A .2)

According to a dynamical systems view of motor control, skilled action occurs on the basis

of action units: .a)

Acting according to motor program commands

.b)

Receiving commands from a control executive

.c)

Receiving feedback as movement occurs

.d)

Self organizing

Ans: D .3)