Final Exam Study Guide PDF

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Summary

Study guide for cumulative final exam
Professor: Dr. Antwan Jones
Fall 2019 Course...

Description

Multiple choice (60) short answer (2) – 2-3 sentences (no more than 5)

via BB – log into BB together -> navigate us to the test (password protected exam) -> take you to the test (all questions randomized)

Cumulative

Won’t test on statistics, just concepts Ex. know how mass incarceration impacts races/ethnicities differently

Large topics to focus on (not everything): Includes everything represented fairly often on exam Won’t discuss supplemental readings on race and health but WILL appear on exam

Large topics: General SOC terms Define social structure: organized patterns of behavior among the basic parts of the social system Define & give ex. of social institutions: entities the govern individual behavior (legal, family, education, work, etc) Define types of capital (social, financial, cultural, human) – labor market outcomes

Human capital: education, skillsets, etc Social capital: social relationships, networks Ex. speaking the native language Cultural capital: knowledge to help you navigate a social situations Ex. knowledge of cultural norms, how to dress at a party, etc Financial capital: money Some groups able to assimilate faster/easier bc of their access to these forms of capital Theories General SOC (functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism) Functionalism: Durkheim, society functions as a body and if there is a need for something, it will create itself critics: ignores inequalities of gender/race/social class Macrosocial theory Conflict theory: Marx, there is a power hierarchy based on available resources & everyone has different things to offer Macrosocial theory Symbolic-Interactionism: social worlds are the components of everyday interactions Microsocial theory Know ways we can analyze phenomena using these perspectives Dillingham Flaw: inaccurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgements over time

Faulty logic -> incorrect assumptions about past and applying stereotypes to present Salience Principle: theoretical perspective that we characterize individuals based on what we instantaneously see in them (ex. hair color, skin color, etc) Most prominent characteristic becomes part of your identification of that individual FIRST trait you see Attribution Theory: theoretical perspective that we have thoughts on individuals based on their membership in a particular group We attribute characteristics based on one trait (ex. tall person is good at sports) Authoritarian Personality Theory: theory that harsh discipline as a child resulted in rigidity of viewpoint, dislike for ambiguity, strict obedience, & intolerance of weakness Strict = strict Contact Theory: interaction between members of 2 groups -> decreased prejudice and improved intergroup relations Three requirements of contact interaction: Meaningful, longstanding, and among people who value equality Labeling Theory: when mainstream group stigmatizes minority group using racial/ethnic stereotypes and thereafter identify and treat its members as having those negative attributes “self-fulfilling prophecy” – similar to Thomas Theorem Ex. treat Asian student as smart, they will subconsciously act smarter or VV

Race Relation Cycle Theory: Four processes that occur when 2+ racial groups encounter each other in space – ex. of Functionalism (assumes society will figure out a way to function) 1. Initial contact – w/out any power or resource detriment from either of the groups “Meeting of the minds” 2. Competition – acknowledgement of scarce amount of resources to be distributed among groups 3. Accommodation – no longer competition over resources and conflict over control of resources has been mitigated (institutional or noninstitutional means) 4. Assimilation – extent to which two groups can equally coexist as one group Argues we very RARELY get to this last stage Merton’s Discrimination Prejudice Typology: links prejudice and discrimination into 4 types Discriminatory- YES

Discriminatory - NO

Prejudiced - YES

All-weather bigot

Fair-weather bigot

Prejudiced - NO

Fair-weather liberal

All-weather liberal

Looking Glass Self & Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: if people define situations as real, those situations become real in their consequences Affects the way you think about yourself Aka Thomas Theorem Stems from symbolic-interactionism perspective Split Labor Market Theory: model referring to two fields of employment primary labor market: decent wages

secondary labor market: primarily minorities in unregulated low-paying jobs – including underground economy Majority paternalism: employers actively manipulating situation to keep minority groups divided (ex. of Conflict theory) Working in Primary labor market helps assimilate faster Power Differential Theory: describes power relations between a migrant and indigenous group that can lead to 3 outcomes: conflict, assimilation, or some other outcome Internal Colonialism Theory: US treatment of black population resembled past European subjugation and exploitation of non-Western peoples in their own lands Any other theories discussed are NOT on the exam General race/ethnicity terms Knowledge of difference between race vs. ethnicity Race: categorization in which people sharing visible biological characteristics regard themselves or are regarded by others as a single group on that basis Physical perception deemed socially important No genetic basis, therefore race is arbitrary Ethnicity: shared cultural traits and/or national origin (sometimes religion) Includes a sense of ethnic identity (“we feeling”) – unique to ethnicity NOT RACE FUNCTIONALISM ON RACE/ETHINCITY: race is an important component to the stability of society w/out divisions based on race -> American society would break down

if there are real racial differences, it’s not due to differences between races but through some other channel that is not doing its job (i.e. education system) CONFLICT THEORY ON RACE/ETHNICITY: race/ethnic differences are based on who is defining what race/ethnicity means, what resources are allocated to each group, and the differences in allocation SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM ON RACE/ETHNICITY: discrimination/ biases that occur in everyday interactions Ethclasses: subgroups resulting from the intersection of economic stratifications with racial/ethnic stratifications Ex. upper-class, white Jewish in western urban area Issues of racial identity/ethnic identity ? Diff between assimilation and acculturation (amalgamation and pluralism also appear briefly on exam) Assimilation: some level of melding of subculture into a mainstream culture A+B+C=A “majority-conformity” Acculturation: expression of unique cultural elements specific to a subculture within mainstream culture Process by which individuals give up enough of their culture to function in the dominant culture but still retain important cultural elements A + B + C = A + minority cultural elements sustained

Amalgamation: all the diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences (through intermarriage and creation of a new culture) into an altogether new breed new/ slightly different from dominant culture emerges A+B+C=D Pluralism: Recognizes persistence of racial and ethnic diversity where government has adopted multiculturalism as official policy A+B+C=A+B+C Racial Residential Segregation: residential patterns that become embedded in social customs and institutions, maintaining racially segregated communities and schools (De facto segregation) Vs. de jure segregation - segregationist laws Hypersegregation: culmination of multiple dimensions of segregation – pure racial, physical barriers, isolation/social segregation the most segregated it can be Ethnocentrism: Refers to people’s tendency to identify with their own ethnic or national groups as a means of fulfilling their needs for group belongingness and security View own cultural values = more “real”/superior Racialization: making races out of nonracial groups Larger arguments Culture of poverty: controversial viewpoint from 1960s; held that a disorganized and pathological lower-class structure perpetuated a cycle of poverty and deprivation

CULTURAL reasons for stratification but NOT structural components Individuals that are both low economic status and racial/ethnic minority have a cultural deficiency that don’t allow them to succeed (i.e. people are poor because they’re ancestors are poor) Argued family deterioration = core cause of poverty Singer’s Gateway Cities: wher ey ouseel ar geconcent r at i oni mmi gr antgr oups becauseofest abl i s hedi mmi gr at i onpat t er nsandchar act er i st i csf av or abl et oi mmi gr ant gr oups (not every type of gateway city or examples of all BUT know what a gateway city is and why it is important to study of race/ethnicity) Generations: 1st generation – born in another country & migrate to another (usually adults) 1.5 generation: immigrants who arrive under the age of 10 2.5 generation: children born in the US of one foreign-born parent and one USborn parent 3rd generation: assumed to be completely assimilated into host society Nexus between stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination -> some structural component Pr ej udi ce( at t i t udes ) “ i sm” St er eot ypes( t hought ) Racial __ -> racism Ethnic __ -> ethnocentrism

Di sc r i mi nat i on( behavi or )

Know how each part relates to the other and create structural issues in social institutions (ex. economy, housing market)...