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‘HIST 2112/Final Exam/Spring 2018/Study Guide ●

Know the characteristics of the 1920s. What was the decade known for ○ The New Era ;The Jazz Age; The Age of the Flapper: the new woman, sexually liberal woman; The Prosperity Decade :Would commutate in depression ; The Roaring Twenties: People becoming more wild and liberal ○ Decade of excesses/ "Dangerous Prosperity" ○ "Conspicuous Consumption" ○ Fought harder for equal rights ○ Cultural Observes ■ "The New Woman" , "the New Negro" ○ Old Immigrants preserved their cultures ○ Conflict and tension, not "normalcy"

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Understand the differences between post-World War I and post-World War II affluence ○ Characteristics of 1920's Postwar Affluence (Post-WWI) ■ Mass production and mass consumption ■ Mass entertainment ■ Denounced shifting demographics ■ Stifled immigration ■ Retreated toward "old time religion" ■ Revive the KKK ○ Legacies of WWII (Post War) ■ U.S. Hegemony ■ Cold War Divisions ● Democracy (capitalism) vs. Communism ■ Fear : For an Atomic War ■ Adds Consumerism a priority

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Know what contributed to the New Woman and New Negro movements in the 1930s ○ The New Women (Flapper) ■ women got bolder and bolder ■ Embodied the new women, of national mindset of materialism and pleasure ■ Rejection of modesty and restrain ● More people were more involved in premarital sexual relations ■ Greater independence ● Effects on lesbians, nEw women were very associated with sex that lesbians are under the microscope ■ Women's consumer culture ● The purchasing power of women ● Sociological speaking, women were considered the purchasers and main consumers ○ Once married, women would have to stay at home. ○ The consuming culture gave more technology but kept women in the house. ○ ○ The New Negro ■ The Great Migration and Self-reflection

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Harlem Renaissance - Most iconic of the Great Migration ● "Capital of Black America" ● Two Harlem ○ White imagination ○ Real : Housing discrimination, poverty, ○ Blacks combined 3 roots to create new arts and culture ■ Experiences of Africa, The Rural South and Urban inner city ○ Marcus Garvey and "Garvenism" ■ Combined ■ Created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - A Global Movement ● Racial pride ● Economic Independence ● Racial Emancipation (Diaspora) ○ "Return to Africa" ■ They were criticizing of the slow pace of the WNCP ■ Radicalization to correct brutal situations in the south ○ It provided a sense of dignity and affected the world from his movement. ○ It meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place

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Know the significance of the Harlem Renaissance and its connections to the Great Migration ○ Harlem was meant to be an upper-class white neighborhood in the 1880s ○ In the early 1900s, a few middle-class black families from Black Bohemia moved to Harlem, and other black families followed. ○ From 1910 to 1920, African American populations migrated in large numbers from the South to the North, with prominent figures like W.E.B. Du Bois leading what became known as the Great Migration, Harlem was a popular destination during the Great Migration

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Understand immigration reform and legislation within the context of the 1920s ○ Anxieties about changes ○ “Undesirable” immigrants scapegoated ○ 1921: Emergency Immigration Act ○ 1924: Johnson - Reed act, National Origin Act and Asian Exclusion Act ○ “Quota System” ○ Restricted annual quota to 2% that of 1890 ○ Facilitated the entry of “desirables” ○ Excluded all Asians ○ Temporarily omitted restrictions on Western Hemisphere ○ There was no such thing as “illegal immigration” prior to the 1924 restriction ○ 1924 law created the concept of illegality – ■ a) Entry without inspection illegal ■ b) Deportability permanent

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Understand the factors that contributed to the Great Depression ○ Onset of the Great Depression ■ Stock market crash of 1929 did NOT cause the great depression ■ Real causes: real estate speculation, bank failures, easy credit, undeveloped land, foreclosure, increasing inequalities ○ Rapid industrialization: ■ Decline of agriculture: ● Farmers experience growth (1917-20) ● 1921: overproduction/underconsumption leads to decline in demand and prices plummeting ● Soil erosion (remember for new deal→ CCC) ● Unpayable debts from “good years” ■ Pro-business policies and consumption (Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover) ■ Late 1920s: saturated market → slower manufacturing ● Consumer goods less desired ○ Inventory pile up → decreased manufacturing → loss of ○ employment → decrease in consumers → deindustrialization ○ Deindustrialization: outsourcing, cheap labor, technological advances and efficiency. Ex. Detroit

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Know the main differences between the first and second new deals. What sectors of American life did the various programs address ○ First New Deal: Economic Recovery ■ Radicalization of labor ● Federal Emergency Relief Administration ○ Create Jobs ○ Stimulate the economy ○ Improve the infrastructure (basic framework) ○ Environmental ■ Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ● Protected forest from fires ■ Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) ● Built dams and hydroelectric camps ● Birth of electric companies ■ Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) ● Did not work ● Paying farmers to quit producing ● Slaughtered thousands of livestock's while people were hungry ■ Popular discontent ■ Brain trusts kept the country from revolution ○ Second New Deal: Economic Security ■ REA proved to be one of the Second New Deal’s most successful programs; by 1950 90% of the nation’s farms has electricity ■ Works Progress Administration (WPA): hired 3 million Americans; constructed thousands of

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public buildings and bridges; also employed many out of work white collar workers and professionals Social Security Act: created a system of unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid to the disabled, the elderly poor, and families w/ dependent children

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Know what factors led to the radicalization of the new deal ○ Radicalization of the “New Deal”: ■ First New deal came to a halt ■ New Deal program were a series of experiments ■ Overall the First New Deal failed to end the depression ■ Pressures coming from other sectors radicalized the “New Deal” into the Second New Deal ■ Labor and Popular Discontent ○ Radicalization of the New Deal: Labor ■ Decreased significance of ethnic differences ■ Militant Leadership – Active and Aggressive ■ Industrial Despotism ○ Radicalization of the New Deal: Popular Discontent ■ Huey Long: ● Governor of Louisiana ● Criticized slow pace of recovery ● “Share the Wealth Movement” ● Assassinated after announcing presidential run ■ Father Charles Coughlin: ● Catholic Priest ● Targeted Banks and Bankers ● Monetary reform and American Labor Protection ● Anti-Semitic and fascist sympathies ● Career in radio was banned

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Know the limits of new deal programs as they impacted African-Americans, Native-Americans, MexicanAmericans, and women African Americans ○ New deal as a white entitlement ○ Democratic party monopoly ○ Exclusion from the social security benefits ○ Widespread discrimination in benefits

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Native Americans ○ Commission of Indian Affairs ○ Indian reorganization act 1934 ended dawes act ○ Mostly ignored native America’s interest Mexicans

Mexican repatriation Over half of deportees were us-born citizens Cheap electricity and irrigation increased labor demand Wagner act and social security not for agricultural workers Vulnerable: ■ Labor suppression ○ Political repression ○ Arbitrary deportation Women ○ Paradoxical: ■ Frances Perkins and Eleanor Roosevelt ○ Organized feminism disappeared ○ Movement to remove women from jobs ○ Male- headed household ideal ○ Exclusion of domestic workers ○ Organized feminist disappeared ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

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Understand the global situation before the official outbreak of WWII Good Neighbor Policy (Latin America) ● Motivated better relations with Latin America ● Have both sides act like good neighboring ● FDR believed that friends need to be close before the start of WWII. ● Non intervention, not interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America ○ Especially with the growing threat of Nazism in the background. ● Shift in Hemispheric relations ● Non-intervention and non-interference ● Good will and trade opportunities ● Terminated US occupation of Nicaragua, 1933 ● Terminated US occupation of Haiti, 1934 ● Repeal of the Platt Amendment, 1934 ● Negotiated nationalization of Mexico's oil, 1938 ● Redefinition of the perception of Latin Americans ○ Lazy ○ Backwards ○ Suspicious Developments in Asia and Europe ● 1931: Japan Invades China ● 1936: Adolf Hitler violates Versailles Treaty ● 1936: Benito Mussolini Invades Ethiopia ● 1936: Francisco Franco establishes fascist government in Spain ● 1938: Hitler begins Anschluss

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Fascism is rising, Guernica is invaded

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○ Abraham Lincoln Brigade are defeated by German Fascists in Guernica Hitler's Rise of Power ● The most important pivotal moment ● Rose to power in democratic country ● Civil unrest, communism, after WWI shaked the country ● Nationalists and veterans views of betrayal by Germany politicians gave a ground for Hitler to promote such emotions and focus them in the JEWS. ● Nazi party was jailed before the Great Depression, during the Depression the economy was affected and he used this moment to attract the frustrated public to join the NAZI party. ● He claimed he could restore order as Chancellor, emergency power was given to Hitler, including AntiSemitist laws. ● A leader willing to exploit the crowds anger and fear. Understand the differences between the major WWII policies, like the Neutrality Acts, the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Lend-Lease, Cash and Carry, etc. ○ Neutrality Act were presented by liberal allies. (After Guernica Event) ■ Roots come from 1931 ■ To legally calm down Mussolini and Hitler ■ Series of laws passed to keep the US from becoming involved in war by prohibiting American trade and travel to warring nations ○ Cash and Carry ■ Trying to assist the people we wanted to win the war, Britain and France. ■ policy adopted by the US to preserve neutrality; Britain and France could buy arms from the US if they paid in full and transported them ○ Lend-Lease Act ■ It froze all Japanese assets in the United States ■ Oil to Japan ■ It believed to spark the Pearl Harbor Attack ■ authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return it all after the war; signified the likelihood of American involvement in WWII ○ Nazi-Soviet Pact (WWII begins) ■ Non aggression pact signed between soviets and Natzis ■ As soon as this treaty is signed… ○ Understand the significance of the Eastern Front within the context of WWII and the postwar years ○ Eastern Front/ Great Patriotic War ■ Epic struggle between Nazis and Soviets ■ 800,000 German, Romanian, Italian, and Hungarian ■ 1,100,000 Soviet Red Army and 40,000 Civilians ■ Estimated WWII casualty: 70 million ■ Gave prestige to the soviets (They Managed to repel the Nazi), gave strategic location to that section of Europe ■ crucial fighting; soviets successfully held off German assault; with an influx of military supplies from the US, the Russians surrounded the Germans and forced them to surrender (Stalingrad)

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Understand the wartime state during WWII and its impact on the economy/depression ○ Wartime State ■ powerful but brief period; FDR created federal agencies; war bonds, increased taxes + income taxes; thousands of aircraft; 100,000 armored vehicles, 2.5 million trucks off assembly line; government-sponsored scientific research ■ War Production Board ■ Mobilized Human and Natural Resources ■ Overcame the Great Depression ● Federal Workers up from 1 -4 million ● Unemployment disappeared by 1943 ● Government built housing for war workers ● Government forced companies to produce war material. ● Auto plants made trucks and tanks ● GDP more than doubled ● Wartime spending twice that of 150 years prior the country's foundation ■ Wartime Manufacturing ● Scientific research for radar, computers, and technologies ● Restored capitalist business ● War bombs ● Taxes incomes ● FDR gave incentives in corporations to start close relationships. ● Laid the groundwork to Communism ■ Wartime Labor ● Three-sided arrangement between labor, business, and government ○ Labor was the weakest ● Union membership went up ● Unions were entrenched in many sectors ● 1/3 of non- farmer labor workforce were unions members ○ Highest in US History ● Congress became dominated by corporatism

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Understand what makes the use of atomic bombs in Japan a controversial issue Civilian lives lost Failure to explore alternatives Soviet presence US Gain upper hand in cold war Japanese economy was crippled Japanese navy was destroyed Evidence of imminent surrender

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Understand the differences between the Cold War policies, like Containment, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, Massive Retaliation, NSC-68, etc. ○ Policy of containment

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Harry Truman's program to aid to European countries threatened by communism Prevent further expansion of Soviet Power. Set tone for US/Soviet Relations ● Distrust and Demonization Marshall Plan ■ "new deal" for Europe (extension of the 4 freedoms in Europe); G. Marshall proposed that the US spend money to help rebuild the recovery of Europe; one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history ● Secretary of State, George C. Marshall ● Billions of dollars for the economic recovery of Europe ○ (IMF and WB) ● Postwar economic chaos in Europe invited communism ● Positive vision to go along with containment ● New Deal for Europe to uplift capitalism versus communism ○ Fight poverty ○ Hunger ○ Desperation ● Most successful foreign aid programs ● 1950: Western European production exceeded prewar levels ● Solidified division on the continent (USSR declined aid) Truman Doctrine, 1948 ○ President Harry Truman's program to aid European countries (especially Greece and Turkey) threatened by communism and contain the Soviet Union; led to development of the CIA, NSC, and AEC ● Turkey and Greece had internal issues ○ Made them vulnerable of adjacent to an ally ○ Became targets of the Communist fear ○ HIGHLY STRATEGIC POSITION to reach oil rich countries and big market ○ US installed missiles in Turkey that could EASILY target RUSSIA Massive Retaliation: Upgraded version of containment ■ Due to the creation of the Hydrogen Bomb in 1953 NSC-68 ● Soviet-American confrontations in Berlin ● Communist victory in Chinese Civil War ● Soviet Development of the Atomic Bomb ● NSC-68: Permanent military build-up to enable the US to pursue a global crusade against communism.

○ Know the significances and applications of the four C’s of the cold war ○ Conformity ■ Compliance with standards, rules, or laws. Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards. (Society and Culture) ○ Communism ■ A doctrine based on revolutionary Marxism that was the official ideology of the Soviet Union.

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This political philosophy advocates the elimination of private property and promotes a system in which all is owned in common by the centralized government. In the 1950s there was a fear of communism and being labeled a communist. (Political -- owned by the state) Consumerism ■ The preoccupation of society with the acquisition of consumer goods. (People are buying stuff because they aren't worried about the war, the depression, or starving kids) Counter Culture ■ A sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day. In the 1950s the Beatniks are an example -- the pre Hippie movement

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Understand the main points and legacies of the Korean War ● Korean Occupation ● Korea was occupied by Japan during WWII ● 38th Parallel became the political division ● US occupation set up a full military government ● 1948: Republic of South Korea was founded with heavy US intelligence. ● US-controlled United Nations gave it a stamp of legitimacy ● The Korean War and The Anticommunist Crusade ● After Japan surrender ○ The power was left to communism north and democracy south ● US led forces to invade the Inchan Bay ○ In the end, everything stopped at the 38th parallel ○ Nothing was settled ● Civil War and Invasion ○ South Korea was engaged in a civil war for most of the occupation ■ Divided by discontent with pro-US president Syngman Rhee ○ 1950: North Korea invaded the south to reunify the country ○ US was ill-informed about Korea ● Consequences ● We never won the Korean War ○ We contained communism, but failed to overthrow it ● We blanket-bombed North Korea with no concern for civilians ○ Napalm ○ Destroyed Dams and caused flooding ○ Simulated nuclear attacks with TNT and water bombs

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Know the characteristics of the anticommunist crusade/McCarthyism ○ Anticommunist Crusade ■ post-war fear of communism; US retained a large and active federal government and poured money into weapons development and overseas bases ■ Fear of subversion within the US consumed domestic politics ■ Characteristics: o Permanent Military-industrial establishment

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o Large security became the stated reason for everything o National security became the stated reason for everything o Culture of secrecy and dishonesty o General violations of the right to dissent Lead to-- 1947: Truman signs Executive Order 9835 ● "Loyalty Order" ● Government employees were required to show their patriotism ● General assault on civil liberties ● Did not uncover any espionage cases ● Many lost their jobs by dismissal or dissent

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Uses of Anti-Communism ● “Fair Deal”: program for returning soldiers who found adjusting back to civilian life after war difficult; called for expand housing, full employment, national health insurance, increase minimum wage, and extension of social security ● Truman’s transition from wartime to peacetime ● Focus was to revive the momentum of the “New Deal” ● Raising the standard of living ○ Increased minimum wage ● Improving safety net ○ National healthy program ○ Public housing and education ● “Out-new dealing the New Deal”: Conservative coalition in Congress

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Uses of Anti-Communism: Civil Rights ● Commission on Civil Rights , 1946 (Truman Administration initiative) ■ national laws against lynching and the poll tax, and action to ensure equal access to jobs and education, ensuring equal treatmentAbolishment of segregation ○ Equal housing, employment, education and justice ○ Rhetoric v. Reality (Cold War Language) ● Desegregation of the armed forces ○ First U.S. institution to desegregate (1949) ● States’ Rights Campaign ○ Strom Thurmond ○ Alienation of ‘Dixiecrats”

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McCarthyism ○ Senator Joseph R. McCarthy ■ Embodied the hysteria and paranoia of the anticommunism Chief national pursuer of alleged subversives; List of communist working for the State Department; Initially a political tool, become an embarrassment after 1952 ■ Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists; Red Scare of the 1950's ■ 1954: he was exposed on national television

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“McCarthyism” entered the political vocabulary ■ Character assassination ■ Guilt by association ■ Abuse of power and general hysteria

Understand the impact of anticommunism on immigration and Labor legislation ○ Uses of Anti-Communism:Labor ■ Operation Dixie ● workers income dropped, which led to a strike wave; feared racial mixing ● Campaign to bring unionization to the South ● AFL and CIO ● Failed ■ Conservative coalition solidified after economic inflation ● Labor conf...