Final Exam Study Guide PDF

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FINAL EXAM Study Guide 1. Readings: Chapters 17, 18, 19, and 20. 2. Format:: Multiple choice (50-80 questions) 3. Exam Deadline: April 29 @ 11: 59PM. 4. Time: 60 Minutes.

STUDY QUESTIONS (Please note: Please study chapters 17, 18, 19, and 20 carefully. These are just a sample questions for you to practice for the exam. They are not the actual exam questions. Some of the exam questions may be selected from these study questions, and more may be added.

1. A right is a strong legitimate claim. a. True b. False 2. a. b. c. d.

About how many animals are used for experiments each year in the US? 1.5 million 25 million 30 million 70 million

3. a. b. c. d.

Animal experimentation appeals to ________ reasoning? Utilitarian Categorical imperative Relative Natural law

4. Animals are moral patients if what we do to them matters morally. a. True False 5. By calling something a moral agent we mean that it is a being that can suffer. a. True b. False 6. From the anthropocentric perspective the idea that we should curtail human activities to preserve a nonhuman species is generally anchored in which of our ethical theories? a. Utilitarianism b. Categorical imperative c. Relativism d. Natural law 7. a. b. c.

Globally, how many animal species are considered to be endangered? Almost 500 Almost 20,000 Almost 5000

d. Almost 15,000 8. If animals have value only in so far as they are useful for humans, then they have only instrumental, not intrinsic, value. a. True b. False 9. One prudential argument for vegetarianism is that it probably gives one a healthier diet. a. True b. False 10. Only if animals have rights do we have duties toward them. a. True b. False 11. a. b. c. d.

Sentience refers to an animal's ability to Reason. Be aware of existence. Feel emotion. Communicate.

12. a. b. c. d.

Singer begins his argument by comparing animal rights to Human rights. Children's rights. Women's rights. Natural rights.

13. a. b. c. d.

To argue that animals have rights is to appeal to Utilitarianism. Categorical imperative. Relativism. Natural law.

14. To say that an animal is sentient means that it has certain desires and interests. a. True b. False

15. Just War theory has an initial presumption against war that must be overcome by the fulfillment of certain requirements. True False 16. Most terrorists are a. Poor and desperate. b. Well educated and middle class. c. Rich and bored. d. Ignorant and easily manipulated.

17. One long-standing element of both international law and just war theory is the inviolability of civilians or noncombatants. True False 18. One of the ways to evaluate ethically the policies of the IMF and World Bank is whether they have done more good than harm or the opposite. True False 19. One problem for achieving world peace, according to experts, is the reduction in the proliferation of weapons. True False 20. One significant difference between matters of charity and matters of justice is that the former is more flexible or optional than the latter. True False 21. Proportionality under jus ad bellum is an example of a. Virtue ethics. b. Categorical imperative. c. Utilitarianism. d. Relativism. 22. Self interest rationales for helping develop poorer countries include all the following except a. Preserve the environment. b. Creating markets for our products. c. Reduce terrorism. d. Creating opportunity for indigenous peoples. 23. Some ecofeminists believe that the source of our environmental problems lies in our being governed in our relation to nature by the male type of dominance over it. True False 24. St. Augustine was one of the first we know of to write in support of the justification of some wars. True False 25. Technological advancements are a. Increasing the economic disparity between rich and poor nations. b. Benefiting all nations. c. Leaving the economic health of nations about the same. d. Especially benefiting poor nations. 26. That violence can never lead to peace is a deontological reason supporting pacifism. True

False 27. The article by William Baxter utilized primarily ________ reasoning. a. Anthropocentric b. Ecocentric c. Natural law d. Relativism 28. The essence of the view known as deep ecology is that organisms depend on their environment in many ways. True False 29. The first Geneva Convention was formulated in 1864 to a. Protect the sick and wounded. b. Establish standards for the treatment of prisoners. c. Set a basis for prosecuting war crimes. d. Establish rules for the conduct of war. 30. The gap between rich and poor nations has greatly narrowed over the last 3 decades. True False 31. The idea that killing is wrong, but my killing is OK violates which of our ethical theories? a. Categorical imperative b. Relativism c. Utilitarianism d. Egoism 32. The old Native American saying, "before you act, consider the consequences on the next seven generations," represents what kind of thinking? a. Relativistic b. Anthropocentric c. Utilitarianism d. Ecocentrism 33. The principle of double effect used by the principle of discrimination holds that there is a difference between directly intending some end and foreseeing that one's actions might result in that end. True False 34. The word environment comes from an Old French word meaning a. Turning around in. b. Earth. c. A small boat. d. Nature. 35. To agree that the reduction of privacy rights to gain greater security is an example of ________ reasoning. a. Natural law

b. Relativism c. Kantian d. Utilitarian 36. To be a pacifist is the same thing as to be a conscientious objector. True False 37. To say that a wilderness has prima facie value means that it must be preserved no matter what the cost to do so. True False 38. War crimes are defined differently by various nations who each have their own doctrine of universal human rights. True False 39. What are the two principles to the jus in bello part of the just war theory? a. The principle of enlightenment and the principle of retribution. b. The principle of retaliation and the principle of compensatory justice. c. The principle of proportionality and the principle of discrimination. d. The principle of non-proliferation and the principle of non-engagement. 40. What does a biocentrist/ecocentrist believe? a. A biocentrist believes that intrinsic value is not limited to humans b. A biocentrist believes that biology, not nurture, is the major determining factor in human development. c. A biocentrist believes that biological organisms may have a higher moral status than cyborgs, but they are not as physiologically advanced. d. A biocentrist believes that only biology can supply answers to fundamental problems facing the environment. 41. What does it mean for ecocentrists to regard a tree or a fish as a moral patient? a. It means that we can have indirect, rather than direct duties to these life forms. b. It means that we must care for these life forms for their own sake, and not just for the sake of how it might ultimately impact us. c. It means that we must, like physicians, "do no harm" when it comes to these life forms. d. It means that we must care for these life forms as a medical doctor cares for patients. 42. What does the proportionality principle require? a. It requires that, before engaging in war or the use of force, we consider the likely costs and benefits of doing so, as opposed to choosing alternative courses of action (or no action). b. It requires that, before we call a war “just” we commence a values-assessment and consult political and religious leaders. c. It requires that, before considering non-violence, we consider the likelihood of international repercussions. d. It requires that, before employing biochemical weapons, we weigh the relative advantages of conventional weapons as a viable alternative.

43. What kind of reasoning is found in the just cause principle? a. Relativism b. Utilitarianism c. Categorical imperative d. Natural law 44. What would be a nonconsequentialist justification for pacificism? a. Killing is economically costly. b. Killing is wrong in and of itself. c. Killing leads to pain and suffering d. Killing only leads to more killing. 45. Which ethical theory is closest to Peter Singer’s when it comes to famine relief? a. Nonconsequentalist. b. Deontologism. c. Kantian. d. Utilitarian. 46. Which of the following Nobel Prize winners argues that persistent problems in developing nations have been the result of "textbook economic reasoning" and ideological support of strict capitalism by international financial institutions such as the World Bank? a. Barack Obama. b. Joseph Stiglitz. c. Elie Wiesel. d. Jimmy Carter. 47. Which of the following is not a rationale for pacifism? a. Setting an example of nonviolent resolution encourages negotiation. b. Pacifism encourages the enemy to lay down its defenses. c. Nonviolent means work better than violent means. d. To kill people is wrong in itself. 48. Which of the following is not mentioned as a result of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund? a. Drove local banks out of business. b. Led to international terrorism. c. Made poorer countries unable to compete. d. Harmed rather than helped development of Third World countries. 49. A common ethical objection to human reproductive cloning is a. It is a production rather than a creation. b. It violates the human's rights to an open future c. All of these choices. d. It is comparable to "playing God." 50. According to MacKinnon, of the 20,000 human genes, how many are unique to humans and not found in other animals? a. 300 b. 18,000 c. 10,000 d. 1,000

51. According to the Human Genome Project human beings regardless of race are 99.9% identical, but the 0.1 percent difference is made up of significant genetic variations. a. True b. False 52. Embryonic stem cells are called omnipotent, because they can develop into many different kinds of tissue. a. True b. False 53. How has nearly all the food we eat been “genetically modified” in the broadest sense of the term? a. It has been cross-bred for centuries. b. It has been made drought-resistant. c. It has been made sterile. d. It has been infused with "edible vaccines." 54. Mammals have never been cloned. a. True b. False 55. One of the central issues in the debate over embryonic stem cell research is the moral status of the human blastocyst, a fertilized ball of cells smaller than a grain of sand. a. True b. False 56. Some opponents of stem cell research argue that the early undifferentiated cells of the blastocyst have the full moral status of a person, and thus cannot be used in medical research. a. True b. False 57. Stem cells are a. Monopotent. b. Pluripotent. c. Omnipotent. d. Bipotent. 58. The "playing God" argument against cloning a. Is religious in nature. b. Is the same as the "yuck" argument. c. Is built on teachings in the Christian Bible. d. Is not necessarily a religious argument. 59. The Human Genome Project was completed in: a. 1995. b. It is not yet finished. c. 2000. d. 2013. 60. The Human Genome Project was designed to alter and perfect the human genetic code. a. True b. False

61. The argument that human personhood begins at conception and humans should not be used for scientific research is founded in a. Categorical imperative. b. Utilitarianism. c. Natural law. d. Virtue ethics. 62. The suggestion that using embryos from fertility clinics which would otherwise be destroyed or kept frozen is an ethical activity relies upon ________ reasoning a. Egoism b. Natural law c. Categorical imperative d. Utilitarianism 63. The yuck factor argument to human cloning holds that we ought to trust our gut reactions to certain procedures as indicative of their moral nature. a. True b. False 64. Therapeutic cloning refers to the process by which a. Clones are healed during development. b. Genetic material is created for therapies. c. Cloning is used for medical purposes. d. Genetic replicas are created for people who have lost pets....