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Cognition Practice Quiz 1

1. Meghan decided to say yes to the marriage proposal from Harry, because she believed that for both of them it was love at first sight (part of her formula for knowing). This decision best illustrates: a. cognitive dissonance b. algorithms c. heuristics d. trial and error

2. Donald learned some ways to be successful in business. Now that he is a politician, he keeps trying the same methods, they do not work as well in that context. Donald is displaying: a. Functional fixedness b. Mental set c. Gestalt effect d. Repeated exposure effect

3. Many people elsewhere think of Vancouver as a beautiful sunny place, in part because the picturesque sunny days are covered in news stories much more than rainy, grey day scenes. This illustrates a natural occurrence of a. Algorithmic thinking b. State dependent memory c. Availability heuristics d. Framing effects

4. Emma notices all her friends’ successes and failures with their boyfriends and girlfriends. She pays particular attention to the cases where her predictions came true and dismisses or ignores those where she was wrong. What is the common bias illustrated? a. Fundamental attribution error b. Confirmation bias c. Black and white thinking bias d. Representativeness bias

5. Richard hates rap music. If he writes a paper in Sociology examining the negative social patterns involved in the rap industry, this will more than likely promote: a. Belief perseverance b. Accommodation c. Lateral thinking d. Cognitive confusion

6. When Bo tries to balance all the factors in his career/life planning, he sometimes feels a bit overwhelmed dealing with all the information, feelings, values and conflicts. This relates to a cognitive limitation known as: a. boundary flexibility. b. bounded willpower. c. bounded awareness. d. bounded rationality.

7. Why do we have cognitive biases? One important reason is: a. We fundamentally attribute situational causation to actions b. We often have too much time available for problems so we get bored c. Our memory capacity is too large for efficiency so we invent more data d. We need to make sense of things, so we impose interpretations

8. Sometimes people do something that seems insane and stupid later, such as a normally calm hockey player going into a rage and violently attacking an opponent. In cases like this, what was his prefrontal cortex doing? In other words, “What was he thinking?” a. Inhibiting other thoughts and actions b. Planning strategy for success c. Planning strategy for avoiding failure d. Nothing much; this is an ‘amygdala hijack’

9. Ralph and Cindy were involved in one of our classroom Lateral Thinking puzzles. Hint: They were found deceased with broken glass and water around. Who were they? a. Psychological researchers who got married b. Fictitious people in a story c. Greek philosophers d. Not humans

10. Cognitive processing involves conscious awareness: a. When people have lower intelligence b. All of the time c. Sometimes d. Never

Cognition Practice Quiz 2

1. Computer search engines’ policy showing you sites based on your previous search patterns is most likely to support which type of cognitive bias? a. Confound bias b. Confirmation bias c. Availability bias d. Heuristic bias

2. Wayne is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wayne chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate? a. Framing effect b. Hindsight bias c. Mental set d. Functional fixedness

3. Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversations, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies: a. Representational bias b. Stereotype bias c. Confirmation bias d. Availability heuristic

4. After taking a 10-question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John’s estimation error illustrates: a. Overconfidence b. Heuristics c. Hindsight bias d. System 2 thinking

5. Kurt is trying to find the solution to a problem in which he has certain tools at his disposal to use in this solution. Although there is a simple way to achieve a solution if he uses one of the tools in the novel way, he is tuck and can’t come up with novel use for the tool which would lead to the solution. In problem solving terms, Kurt is experiencing: a. Heuristic inadequacy b. Functional fixedness c. Problem solving block d. Obviousness enclosure

6. Following the September 11th, 2001 plane high-jackings and attacks in the U.S., many Americans chose to drive rather than fly to their destinations, leading to an increase number of road traffic fatalities. One reason for this was the high level of media coverage around the attacks, which caused some people to overestimate the risks involved in flying. Which cognitive heuristic or bias best explains this overestimation? a. Availability heuristic b. Hindsight bias c. Confirmation bias d. Representativeness heuristic

7. Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies _____ bias a. Anchoring b. Hindsight c. Representational d. Confirmation

8. Concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our _____. a. Behaviours b. Personality c. Genetics d. Experiences

9. The ‘sleeper effect’ refers to the possibility that we may: a. Underestimate the probability of falling asleep while studying b. Overestimate the truth of something due to forgetting the source of the information c. Overestimate our likelihood of accuracy in judgements d. Overestimate the frequency of dangerous events

10. Jackie is attacking a problem and has decided to take a very systematic approach in which the series of steps she takes follow a set of rules and will most likely lead to the correct solution. Jackie is using the a. Heuristic method b. Algorithmic method c. Problem method d. Rule method

11. When a Canucks fan believes that they are the greatest hockey team in the NHL, and only reads positive media reports about the team as a consequence of this belief, which cognitive heuristic or bias are they most clearly showing? a. Representativeness heuristic b. Confirmation bias c. Availability heuristic d. Hindsight bias

12. The day before the June 2011 Stanley Cup Riots in Vancouver, many people thought that the likelihood of another riot like the one in 1994 was fairly unlikely if the Canucks were to lose game 7. However, the day after the riot occurred, many of those same people felt that it had been inevitable and were questioning the decisions to allow so many people to gather downtown to watch the game. Which cognitive bias or heuristic best explains this shift in perspective? a. Representativeness heuristic b. Availability heuristic c. Hindsight bias d. Confirmation bias

13. An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on _____. a. Direct experience vs. indirect experience b. One piece of information vs. all the information c. Empirical knowledge vs. personal opinion d. Personal opinion vs. empirical knowledge

14. Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? a. Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives b. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula c. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy d. Working backwards is an example of an algorithm

15. Many aspects of cognition are _____. a. Related to the amygdala response b. Essential features of adult consciousness c. Not consciously experienced d. More common in males vs. females

16. Kyle is presented with a new type of problem after successfully solving a series of related problems. In this case coming up with a solution will require a new approach because of the change in type of solution required, but Kyle seems stuck, and keeps trying the previous strategy over and over again. It is likely Kyle is having difficulty solving this problem because of his: a. Heuristics problem b. Routine solutions set c. Problem definition fallacy d. Mental Set

Emotion, Stress & Coping Practice Quiz

1. Which of the following effects of money might interfere with happiness? a. Having more money automatically makes people more materialistic b. Pursuing money can lead us to give up social relations, spirituality, or interests c. Making more money hinders the economic development of nations d. Making more money has exponential returns

2. Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviours that we enjoy leads to those behaviours _____. a. Providing twice as much enjoyment b. Motivating us to engage in different behaviours c. Creating an attraction/repulsion complex d. No longer providing that same enjoyment

3. The drive of hunger declines when you eat and eventually leads to the termination of eating behaviour. What is another term used to describe the fulfillment of the hunger drive? a. Success threshold b. Plenum c. Replenishment d. Satisfaction

4. Luis works part-time after school to earn money, so he can afford a second-hand motorcycle. Luis is working because of _____ motivation. a. Habit b. Extrinsic c. Emotion d. Intrinsic

5. What two factors make up Schacter and Singer’s (1962) theory of emotion? a. Physiological arousal & cognitive labelling b. Physiological arousal & emotions c. Cognitive labelling & perceptions d. Emotions & cognitive labelling

6. What is the relationship between money and happiness? a. The more money, the less happiness b. The more money, the greater the happiness c. After a minimum level of wealth, there is no relationship d. After a minimum level of wealth there is a negative relationship

7. Research on the link between stress and health has found that: a. Experiencing mild negative emotions on a daily basis predicts deterioration of health on the long run b. Experiencing no emotions predicts improvement of health on the long run c. Experiencing strong negative emotions on a daily basis predicts deterioration of health on the long run d. Experiencing mild positive emotions on a daily basis predicts deterioration of health in the long run

8. The main difference between primary and secondary emotions is that secondary emotions are: a. Not associated with cognitive components b. Determined by their level of arousal and their major cognitive component c. Always experienced at high levels of arousal d. Usually only of a low level of arousal

9. Researchers have discovered that the best predictor for happiness is a. Good social relationships b. Wealth c. Good health d. Extended family relationships

10. According to Hans Selye, the typical physiological response to stress that people experience goes through the stages of: a. Alarm, resistance and exhaustion b. Resistance, alarm and reactance c. Alarm, reactance and resistance d. Resistance, reactance and retribution

11. Bela is unexpectedly told that his wife got involved in a car accident. He hasn’t the faintest idea of his wife’s condition and he feels his heart start to beat fast and his palms begin to sweat. According to Selye, he shows evidence of being in the _____ phase of stress response. a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Exhaustion d. Resilience

12. Matthew is upset about a family dispute so he turns to friends for relief from the stress and to seek comfort and support. Matthew is employing a. Perceived control b. Emotion-focused coping c. Executive-subordinate coping d. Problem-focused coping

13. It has been shown that men and women tend to deal with stress differently, men tend to adopt a _____ style while women tend to adopt a _____ style. a. Fight or flight; tend and befriend b. Tend and befriend; affront and confront c. befriend and contend; fight or flight d. affront and confront; befriend and contend

14. Cognitive appraisal of stressful situations a. Interacts with the stressor, and the physical, social and personal resources of the individual b. Is never involved in situations of threat c. Is less important for social situations than it is for work situations d. Directly decreases the release of adrenaline

15. Which of the following statements about motivation is incorrect? a. Motivation can be extrinsic b. Intrinsic motivation is not affected by extrinsic rewards c. Motivation can be intrinsic d. Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal

16. Some people “swear to high heavens” that when they vent their anger through exercise, they feel so relieved and their anger never comes back. Research on catharsis has shown that: a. This is definitely true and effective b. This works only for body-builders c. Catharsis is effective only when anger is directed to the provoker d. This works only 50% of the time

17. Homeostasis refers to: a. The tendency to achieve personal potential b. The desire to obtain a level of arousal that is optimal c. The tendency to return to a balanced or stable internal state d. A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

18. In addition to our faces expressing our emotional state, our faces can also help us to feel emotions. This is called the a. Slow and fast emotional pathways b. Facial feedback hypothesis c. James-Lange theory of emotion d. Two factor theory of emotion

19. According to research by Pennebaker et al., it has been shown that _____ is beneficial for reducing stress and improving health a. Drinking three glasses of wine per day b. Suppressing negative emotions and reactions c. Vigorous aggressive exercise d. Writing out emotions or negative reactions

20. According to Paul Ekman, emotion recognition is universal across all cultures. Which of the following are the most basic universal emotions? a. Happy, excitement, amusement and relaxation b. Depression, amusement and alarm c. Anger, disgust, fear and happiness d. Frustration and aggression

Motivation Practice Quiz

1. The _____ phase of self-regulation involves planning specific actions that are designed to help a person achieve a select goal. a. Resistance b. Alarm c. Deliberative d. Implementation

2. The _____ phase of goal pursuit fosters actions that _____ immediate goal oriented actions a. Deliberative; increase b. Cognitive; decrease c. Implemental; decrease d. Implemental; increase

3. This morning you awoke to the wonderful smell of cinnamon rolls cooking. Your roommate offers you one of these fresh baked delicacies, but you choose the healthier option of oatmeal and fruit. When you get to class, you see that one of your classmates brought in donuts to celebrate their birthday. Due to _____, you will have a harder time demonstrating restraint. a. Decision exhaustion b. Ego-depletion c. Analysis paralysis d. Diminishing returns

4. Dr. Zaius is always emphasizing the importance of earning good grades. Almost every day in class, he says that if students don't get good grades, they won't be accepted into graduate school or will miss out on job opportunities. Dr Zaius' emphasis on the negative outcomes of grades illustrates a _______ focus on goals. a. Deliberative b. Prevention c. Implemental d. Promotion

5. Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________. a. The amount of energy that is expanded in a given period of time b. A genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism c. How physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger d. Binge eating behaviour that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed

6. Janis wants to keep a clean home so she can have friends over freely. When she sweeps the kitchen she interprets this as a sign of progress towards her focal goal and thus decides to spend the rest of the day reading books. While Janis plans to come back to cleaning at a later time, this switch between her focal goal to other goals is an example of ___________. a. Commitment b. Promotion c. Balance d. Highlight

7. Ashook has three final exams this week, one for calculus, history, and microbiology. He is trying to decide which one to study for tonight. Ashook is currently in the ________ phase of self-regulation. a. Preconventional b. Deliberative c. Disinhibitive d. Implementation

8. __________ motivation stems from the inherent pleasure associated with pursuing a goal, such as having a fulfilling experience. a. Intrinsic b. Drive-focused c. Goal-focused d. Extrinsic

9. Perception plays a large role in successful self-regulation. When individuals perceive the discrepancy between their current state and their desired end state, they are calculating their ______________. In comparison, ______________ involves the perception of the value and attainability of a goal. a. Commitment; progress b. Highlights; balance c. Balance; highlights d. Progress; commitment

10 When motivation is driven by the benefits associated with achieving a goal, such as fame or fortune, it is __________. a. Equilibrated b. Extrinsic c. Intrinsic d. Homeostasis

11. Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. a. Emotional b. Social c. Physiological d. Acceptance

12. When one has the sense that a desired goal is both valuable and attainable, ________ may be the result a. Commitment b. Vacillation c. Goal priming d. Self-regulation

13. Johan knows that when he goes to a casino, he tends to gamble more than he can afford to lose, and he's worried that he may be developing a gambling problem. Which of the following strategies would be a behavioral strategy that could help him demonstrate increased self-control in this area? a. Considering the pros and cons of gambling more on a night when he has already lost a reasonable amount of money b. Thinking about more successful games to play when he does go to the casino c. Deciding not to feel happy when he wins or sad when he loses d. Avoid going to casinos at all

14. Howie hates his job at Fikshunal Co. He works long hours, is underappreciated, and has a rude boss. The only reason he continues to work at Fikshunal is because he needs the money and benefits he receives. This is an example of ________. a. Performance motivation b. Self-regulation c. Intrinsic motivation d. Extrinsic motivation

15. Even though it isn't required for class, Hermione always completes extra readings, spends time in the library, and studies topics that will not be on the test. What type of motivation is Hermione displaying? a. Performance motivation b. Extrinsic c. Intrinsic d. Self-regulation

16. Karen has several goals, such as spending time with family and doing well in her career but sometimes these are activated at different times by environmental cues making her want to pursue one goal over the other. As Karen is walking to her office at work one day, she glances at a poster on the wall advocating for breastfeeding mothers. When she gets back to her desk, she suddenly feels like calling her daughter at daycare to check-in on how she's doing even though she is not aware of why she is feeling this way. This is an example of what? a. Self-regulation in goal pursuit b. Conscious goal pursuit c. Nonconscious goal pursuit d. Commitment to goal pursuit

17. Drive theory states that deviations from ____...