Circulatory System KEY Terms PDF

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Circulatory System KEY Terms 2018/ 2019...

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Circulatory System KEY TERMS angina pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries by the buildup of plaque and lack of oxygen to the heart muscle aorta major artery of the body that takes blood away from the heart arteriole small vessel that connects an artery to a capillary bed artery blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart atherosclerosis buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries in the heart atrioventricular valve one-way membranous flap of connective tissue between the atrium and the ventricle in the right side of the heart; also known as tricuspid valve atrium (plural: atria) chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and sends blood to the ventricles bicuspid valve (also, mitral valve; left atrioventricular valve) one-way membranous flap between the atrium and the ventricle in the left side of the heart blood pressure (BP) pressure of blood in the arteries that helps to push blood through the body capillary smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of individual blood cells and the site of diffusion of oxygen and nutrient exchange capillary bed large number of capillaries that converge to take blood to a particular organ or tissue cardiac cycle filling and emptying the heart of blood by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and relax cardiac output the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute as a product of heart rate multiplied by stroke volume cardiomyocyte specialized heart muscle cell that is striated but contracts involuntarily like smooth muscle closed circulatory system system in which the blood is separated from the bodily interstitial fluid and contained in blood vessels coronary artery vessel that supplies the heart tissue with blood coronary vein vessel that takes blood away from the heart tissue back to the chambers in the heart

2 diastole relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood double circulation flow of blood in two circuits: the pulmonary circuit through the lungs and the systemic circuit through the organs and body electrocardiogram (ECG) recording of the electrical impulses of the cardiac muscle endocardium innermost layer of tissue in the heart epicardium outermost tissue layer of the heart gill circulation circulatory system that is specific to animals with gills for gas exchange; the blood flows through the gills for oxygenation hemocoel cavity into which blood is pumped in an open circulatory system hemolymph mixture of blood and interstitial fluid that is found in insects and other arthropods as well as most mollusks inferior vena cava drains blood from the veins that come from the lower organs and the legs interstitial fluid fluid between cells lymph node specialized organ that contains a large number of macrophages that clean the lymph before the fluid is returned to the heart myocardial infarction (also, heart attack) complete blockage of the coronary arteries and death of the cardiac muscle tissue myocardium heart muscle cells that make up the middle layer and the bulk of the heart wall open circulatory system system in which the blood is mixed with interstitial fluid and directly covers the organs ostium (plural: ostia) holes between blood vessels that allow the movement of hemolymph through the body of insects, arthropods, and mollusks with open circulatory systems pericardium membrane layer protecting the heart; also part of the epicardium peripheral resistance resistance of the artery and blood vessel walls to the pressure placed on them by the force of the heart pumping plasma liquid component of blood that is left after the cells are removed

3 platelet (also, thrombocyte) small cellular fragment that collects at wounds, cross-reacts with clotting factors, and forms a plug to prevent blood loss precapillary sphincter small muscle that controls blood circulation in the capillary beds

pulmocutaneous circulation circulatory system in amphibians; the flow of blood to the lungs and the moist skin for gas exchange pulmonary circulation flow of blood away from the heart through the lungs where oxygenation occurs and then returns to the heart again red blood cell small (7–8 μm) biconcave cell without mitochondria (and in mammals without nuclei) that is packed with hemoglobin, giving the cell its red color; transports oxygen through the body semilunar valve membranous flap of connective tissue between the aorta and a ventricle of the heart (the aortic or pulmonary semilunar valves) serum plasma without the coagulation factors sinoatrial (SA) node the heart’s internal pacemaker; located near the wall of the right atrium stroke volume the volume of blood pumped into the aorta per contraction of the left ventricle superior vena cava drains blood from the jugular vein that comes from the brain and from the veins that come from the arms systemic circulation flow of blood away from the heart to the brain, liver, kidneys, stomach, and other organs, the limbs, and the muscles of the body, and then the return of this blood to the heart systole contraction phase of cardiac cycle when the ventricles are pumping blood into the arteries tricuspid valve one-way membranous flap of connective tissue between the atrium and the ventricle in the right side of the heart; also known as atrioventricular valve unidirectional circulation flow of blood in a single circuit; occurs in fish where the blood flows through the gills, then past the organs and the rest of the body, before returning to the heart vasoconstriction narrowing of a blood vessel vasodilation widening of a blood vessel vein blood vessel that brings blood back to the heart vena cava major vein of the body returning blood from the upper and lower parts of the body; see the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

4 ventricle (heart) large inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood into arteries venule blood vessel that connects a capillary bed to a vein white blood cell large (30 μm) cell with nuclei of which there are many types with different roles including the protection of the body from viruses and bacteria, and cleaning up dead cells and other waste

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following organisms has an open a. circulatory system? a. a cat b. a bee c. a human d. a bird 2. What is an advantage of an open circulatory system? a. It uses less metabolic energy. b. It enables an organism to move faster. c.It is a more efficient way to move gases, nutrients, and waste around an organism’s body. d.It allows organisms to grow larger. 3. Which of the following statements about circulatory systems is false? a. In closed circulatory systems, blood flows through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body. b. The earthworm has a closed circulatory system. c. In an open circulatory system, hemolymph empties into the body cavity. d. Lobsters are organisms that have closed circulatory systems. 4. Which of the following statements best defines the open circulatory system? a. In an open circulatory system, blood mixes with interstitial fluid in the hemocoel. b. In an open circulatory system, the blood is separated from the bodily interstitial fluid and contained blood vessels. c. Blood circulates unidirectionally from the heart around systemic circulatory root. d. An open circulatory system uses more energy than a closed circulatory system. 5. A simple organism such as a jellyfish uses _____ to exchange gases and nutrients with their surrounding environment. a. blood b. diffusion c. atria d. blood vessels 6. Fish and birds have closed circulation. They both have a systemic circulatory system, which delivers blood from the heart and out to the organs of the body. Birds differ from fish in that they have a circuit that leads through the lungs and back to the heart. What is this called?

5 a. pulmonary circulatory circuit b. gill circulatory circuit c. pulmocutaneous circulatory circuit d. lymph circulatory circuit

7.A student is attempting to reorganize some preserved animals in the biology lab that have lost their labels. The student notices there are some notes on each jar, providing information on each animal’s classification. The student labels the unknown animals A-F and enters each animal’s circulatory system characteristics in a table. If the student wished to create a phylogeny of organisms A through F, which organism would likely be on the extreme right of the phylogenetic tree? a. organism A b. organism B c. organism E d. organism F 8. A student is attempting to reorganize some preserved animals in the biology lab that have lost their labels. The student notices there are some notes on each jar, providing information on each animal’s classification. The student labels the unknown animals A-F and enters each animal’s circulatory system characteristics in a table. If the student wished to create a phylogeny of organisms A through F, in what order would the organisms most likely appear on the tree, from left to right, and why? a. The order would be F, E, C, A, B, D as the general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly closed systems. b. The order would be B, D, A, C, E, F as the general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly open systems.

6 c. The order would be F, E, C, A, D, B as the general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly closed systems. d. The order would be F, E, C, D, B, A as the general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly open systems. 9. Differences in human blood types show how genetic differences have evolved over time, affecting red blood cell structure. What is the basis for blood type classifications? a. It is based on antigens made of carbohydrates, specifically glycoside and Nacetylglucosamine, found on the surface of red blood cells. b. It is based on antigens made of proteins, specifically glycolipids and glycoproteins, found on the surface of red blood cells. c. It is based on antigens made of proteins, specifically peripheral and integral proteins, found on the surface of the red blood cell. d. It is based on antigens made of lipids, specifically glycerophospholipids, found on the surface of red blood cells. 10. If a person has blood type AB/Rh-, what antibodies will be found in the blood? a. A antibodies b. A antibodies and B antibodies c. Rh antibodies d. B antibodies 11. Components found in human blood include white blood cells, red blood cells, and _______. a. platelets b. ostia c. hemolymph d. cardiomyocytes 12. Up to four components can be derived from donated blood. One of those components is plasma. Which of the following is not a basic component of plasma? a. water b. proteins c. salts d. red blood cells 13. Many platelets converge and stick together at a wound site, eventually forming a platelet plug, also called a fibrin clot. Platelets continue to arrive at the wound site until the plug is completely formed. Describe the feedback mechanisms taking place and predict what would likely happen if part of the platelet plug broke away before the wound was healed. a. A positive feedback loop, which would restart if part of the platelet plug broke away, calling more platelets to the site to repair the broken plug. b. A negative feedback loop, which would restart if part of the platelet plug broke away, calling more platelets to the site to repair the broken plug. c. A positive feedback loop, which would not restart if part of the platelet plug broke away.

7 d. A negative feedback loop, which would not restart if part of the platelet plug broke away.

14. The diagram shows a fibrin clot forming within a blood vessel. What constituents of the blood interact to form the clot? a. red blood cells, serum, and vitamin K b. ribrin, megakaryocytes and blood proteins c. granulocytes, platelets and red blood cells d. platelets, fibrinogen, and clotting factors 15. The diagram models the four different types of red blood cells in humans. Describe what is represented by the colored shapes on the surface of the cells and explain their function. a. Antigens, which identify the red blood cells as part of the body, as opposed to foreign red blood cells, which may be attacked by antibodies within the blood. b. Glycoproteins, which identify the red blood cells as part of the body, as opposed to foreign red blood cells, which may be attacked by antigens within the blood. c. Glycoproteins which identify the red blood cells as part of the body, as opposed to foreign red blood cells, which may be attacked by antibodies within the blood. d. Antibodies which identify the red blood cells as part of the body, as opposed to foreign red blood cells, causing neutralization of the foreign cells. 16. Your heart is a pump that circulates blood and oxygen around your body. Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false? a. Blood in the pulmonary veins is deoxygenated. b. Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated. c. Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated. d. Blood in the aorta is oxygenated. 17. Which of the following statements about the heart is false? a. The mitral valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium. b. Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left atrium. c. Both the aortic and the pulmonary valves are semilunar valves. d. The mitral valve is an atrioventricular valve. 18. In a healthy heart, a heartbeat begins within an electrical signal from which part of the heart? a. bundle of His b. atrioventricular (AV) node

8 c. sinoatrial (SA) node d. atrial diastole 19. Describe the cardiac cycle and explain what drives it. a. The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during systole and is filled with blood during diastole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from SA node causing two atria to contract. The pulse reaches AV node where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the bundle of His, then to left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. Purkinje fibers conduct impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood. b. The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during diastole and is filled with blood during systole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from SA node causing two atria to contract. The pulse reaches AV node where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the bundle of His, then to left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood. c. The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during systole and is filled with blood during diastole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from AV node causing two atria to contract. The pulse reaches SA node where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the bundle of His, then to left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. Purkinje fibers conduct impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood. d. The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during systole and is filled with blood during diastole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from SA node causing two atria to contract. The pulse reaches AV node where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the Purkinje fibers, then to left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. The bundle of His conduct impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood.

20. Compare and contrast veins and arteries. a. Both veins and arteries have three distinct layers. Veins take blood away from the heart and arteries bring blood back to the heart.

9 b. Both veins and arteries have three distinct layers. Arteries take blood away from the heart and veins bring blood back to the heart. c. Both veins and arteries have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Arteries take blood away from the heart and veins bring blood back to the heart. d. Both veins and arteries have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins take blood away from the heart and arteries bring blood back to the heart

21. The diagram below shows the neural structures that control and coordinate the beating of the heart. How would the cardiac cycle be affected if neural signals were blocked within the Purkinje fiber? a. The atria and ventricles would contract at the same time. b. The ventricles would not contract. c. The atria would contract first, followed by the ventricles. d. Only the left atrium would contract....