Laboratory 13 (Circulatory System) PDF

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Laboratory 13 TheCi rcul at orySyst em andConnect i veTi ss ues ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Keyconcept s I nanadul tmammal ,bl oo df ol l o wst woc i r c ui t s .Bl o o dent er st hehe ar tandi s pumpedt hr ought hepul mo nar yc i r c ui tt ot hel ungswhe r ei tt ake sonO2andgi ve soff CO2.I tt henr e t ur nst ot hehe ar tandi spus he dt hr o ught hes ys t e mi cc i r c ui tt ot he head,t hef o r e l i mbs ,t hemaj oro r gansandt hepos t er i o rbo dy .I tpas s est hr o ugh ar t e r i e st oc api l l ar i e swhe r et hec e l l soft hebodyt akeonwhatt he yne edand di s c har gewas t e;t hent hebl o odflo wsf r om t hec api l l ar i est hr o ught heve i nsbac kt o t hehe ar t .Themammal i anhe ar thasf o urc hamber s :f r om t hev ei ns ,t het hi nwal l ed at r i ar ec e i v ebl o od( t her i ghtonef r o mt hes ys t e mi cc i r c ui t ,t hel e f to nef r o mt he pul mo nar yc i r c ui t )andpus hi ti nt ot hemor emus c ul arvent r i c l est hati nt ur npus hi t i nt ot hear t e r i es .He ar tr at eandbl oo dpr es s ur ei nc r e as ewi t he xe r t i o n.Co nnec t i ve t i s s uei nc l ude st i s s uet ypesasdi ve r s easbl oo d,f ats t o r agec e l l s ,c ar t i l age,t e ndons , andbone.Bl o odi sahi ghl ydi ve r s et i s s uet hatc o nt ai nsmanyc e l lt ype s ,mos tno t abl y r edbl o odc e l l st hatc ar r yo xy ge nandwhi t ebl o odc e l l st hatc l e anandpr o t ec tt hebo dy . Whatt odo 1Tr ac et heflo w ofbl o odt hr oughaf e t alpi g ,l e ar ni ngt hebl o odve s s e l sandt he par t so ft hehe ar t .2Me as ur ehe ar tr at eandbl o odpr e s s ur eo nar es t i ngpe r s o nand af t erex er c i s e .3Exami neands ke t c hvar i o uski ndso fc onne c t i vet i s s ue s . Vocabul ary Ar t e r y ,ar t er i o l e ,c api l l ar y ,ve nul e,ve i n. Ant er i o randpos t er i orve nac ava,r i ght at r i um,r i ghtve nt r i c l e,pul monar yar t er y ,pul monar yvei n,l e f tat r i um,l e f tve nt r i c l e, AVval ves ,s e mi l unarval ve s ,aor t a,duc t usar t er i os us ,f or ameno val e ,c o mmo n c ar o t i dar t er i e s ,r i ghtandl e f ts ubc l avi anar t e r i es ,r enalar t e r i e s ,i l i acar t e r i es , umbi l i c alar t e r i es ,he pat i cpor t alve i n,he pat i cve i ns ,umbi l i c alve i n,duc t usve i no s us , i l i acve i ns ,r enalve i ns ,az ygo sve i n,s ubc l avi anve i ns ,j ugul arve i ns .St e t ho s c o pe ,l ub, dub,hear tr at e,s phygmomanome t er ,s ys t ol i canddi as t o l i cbl o odpr es s ur e . Ext r ac e l l ul armat r i x,pl as ma,r edbl o odc e l l ,whi t ebl o odc e l l ,c ho ndr o c yt e ,c ho ndr i n, Hav er s i ans ys t e m,c e nt r alc anal ,l ame l l ae ,l ac unae ,o s t eo c yt es ,l o os ec o nnec t i ve t i s s ue ,c o l l age no usande l as t i cfibe r s ,fibr o bl as t s ,fibr ousc onne c t i vet i s s ue ,adi po s e t i s s ue . Prel abexerci se Re adt hr o ught hel abc ar e f ul l yandans wert hepr e l abques t i o ns .I nat e xt bo ok, c ar e f ul l ys t udyanyc o l orpho t oso fc e l lt ype sandadj o i ni ngdi s c us s i on.Al s or e ado ver t hes ec t i ono nt hec i r c ul at or ys ys t em.

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I nt hi sl abwewi l lf o c uso nt hec i r c ul at o r ys ys t e m.Wewi l ls t ar twi t ha f ur t he re xami nat i o no ft hef e t alpi g .Si nc et hec i r c ul at o r ys y s t e mi s i nt i mat e l yc o nne c t e dt omanyo t he rs ys t e ms ,s uc hast her e s pi r at o r ys ys t e m anddi g e s t i v es ys t e m,yo uwi l lal s obes t udyi ngt hewho l eo r gani s m and

r e vi e wi ngmanyo ft hepar t sy o ul e ar ne dl as twe e k.The n,wewi l ldoas i mpl e e xpe r i me ntc o mpar i nghe ar tr at eandbl o o dpr e s s ur eo nc l as s mat e satr e s t andaf t e re xe r c i s e .Fi nal l y ,wewi l lc o nt i nueo urs ur v e yo ft i s s uet ype sby s t udyi ngvar i o uski ndso fc o nne c t i vet i s s ue.Bl o o di sc l as s i fie dasc o nne c t i ve t i s s ue ,s ot hi si st hes e ns i bl epl ac et oi nt r o duc ey o ut ot hi smo s tdi ve r s egr o up o ft i s s ue s . Whe nf e t alpi gsde s t i ne df o rge ne r albi o l o gyl absar eki l l e datt he s l aught e r hous e ,t he i rbl o o dv e s s e l sar ei nj e c t e dwi t hc o l o r e dl at e x.The ar t e r i e sar ei nj e c t e dwi t hr e dl at e xt hr o ug ht heumbi l i c alar t e r y ,andt he v e i nsar ei nj e c t e dwi t hbl uel at e xt hr o ught hej ugul arve i nsatt hebas eoft he t hr o at .( Oratl e as tt hat ’ st hewa yi ti ss uppo s e dt obedo ne ,t ho ug h unf o r t unat e l ymanypi gsar eno ti nj e c t e dpr o pe r l y . )Anar t e r yi sabl o o d v e s s e lt hatc ar r i e sbl o o da wayf r o m t hehe ar tt ot hebo dy( Fi gur e13. 1) . Ar t e r i e sbr anc handbr anc hi nt o ar t e r i o l e s ,andt he s ebr anc hand br anc hagai nunt i lt hebl o o di s mo vi ngt hr o ught i nyc api l l ar i e s wher edi s s o l ve dgas e s ,nut r i e nt s , andwas t epr o duc t sar ee xc hang e d wi t ht hec e l l so ft hebo dy .Capi l l ar y be dsdr ai ni nt ove nul e st hat c o nve r geandc o nve r gei nt ove i ns .A v e i ni sabl o o dve s s e lt hatc ar r i e s bl o o dt o war dst hehe ar t .Ar t e r i e s ar eunde rhi ghe rpr e s s ur et han v e i ns ,andwhe ns e e ni nc r o s s s e c t i o n t hr o ug hami c r o s c o pe , ar t e r i e st e ndt ohavet hi c ke rwal l s t hanve i ns .Yo uri ns t r uc t o rwi l lshow yout gur e13. 1 hevi de os e gme nto nt heFi -Thec i r c ul at i o nofbl o o d.

c i r c ul at o r ys y s t e m.The n,g e touty o urpi g,unwr api t ,andc ar e f ul l yt r ac et he flo wo fbl o o dt hr o ugho utt hebo dyo ft hi sno bl ec r e at ur e .

THEFOURCHAMBERED HEART( FIGURE13. 2) Tur ny o urat t e nt i o nt ot hepi g’ she ar t .Cl e arawayt hepr o t e c t i ve me mbr ane ,s ot hatyo uc anl i f tt hehe ar tawayf r o mt hepe r i c ar di alc a vi t yand pe e kunde ri t .Thepo s t e r i o rv e nac avaf r o mt hehi ndpar to ft hebo dyandt he ant e r i o rv e nac avaf r o mt hef r o ntpar to ft hebo dydr ai ni nt ot her i ghtat r i um o ft hehe ar t .Theat r i aar et hec o mpar at i v e l yfli ms yuppe rc hambe r so ft he he ar t .Themus c ul arv e nt r i c l e sar et hepo s t e r i o rc hambe r s .Bl o o dflo wsf r o m t hepi g’ sr i ghtat r i um ( o nyo url e f t )i nt ot her i ghtv e nt r i c l e .Whe nt he v e nt r i c l e sc ont r ac t ,bl o o di spus he do uti nt ot hepul mo nar yar t e r y,whi c h br anc he sr epe at e dl yde l i v e r i ngbl o o dt ot hec api l l ar i e so ft hel ungs .Bl o o d r e t ur nsf r o mt hel ungsvi at hepul mo nar yve i nsande nt e r st hel e f tat r i um. The ni te nt e r st hel e f tve nt r i c l e.Whe nt hev e nt r i c l e sc o nt r ac t ,t hi sbl o o di s pus he do uto f t he he ar tt hr o ugh t he ao r t at ot he r e s to f t hebo dy .I na f e t us , t he pul mo nar y c i r c ui t i s bypas s e d i n t woways .( 1) The r e i s a c o nne c t i o n, t he duc t us ar t e r i o s us , t hatj o i ns t he pul mo nar y ar t e r yt ot he ao r t adi r e c t l y. ( 2)The r ei sa ho l e ,t he f o r ame n o val e ,i n t he wal l s e par at i ngt he r i ghtand l e f t at r i a. The s e f e t al s hunt s ar epr e s e ntt o al l o w t he c i r c ul at o r y bl o o d t o bypas st heno t y e t

f unc t i o ni ng

13. 2 - Sc hemat i c of t he adul tc i r c ul at or ys ys t e m. Thi c kwal l ed ves s e l s ar e ar t er i es ;

t hi np ul mo nar ywal l e dve s s e l sar eve i ns .St i ppl i ngs ho wsO2po or –CO2r i c hbl o o d.RA=r i ghtat r i um.RV

s ys t e m.Af t e rri ghtv ent r i c l e .LA=l e f tat r i um.LV=l e f tv ent r i c l e . AVC=ant e r i orv enac ava PVC=po s t er bi r t h,bo t ht hevenacava.( Af t erWal ker . ) duc t usar t e r i o s usandt hef o r ame no v al ec l o s e .Fi nde ac hbl o o dve s s e lt hati s c o nne c t e dt oy o urpi g’ she ar tandt r ac ei t spat hf r o mo rt owhe r e ve ri tgo e s . Af t e ry o uar ec o nfide ntt haty o uc ani de nt i f yt he s e ,us ey o urs c al pe lt oc ut l o ngi t udi nal l yi nt ot hev e nt r i c l e ss ot haty o uc ans e et hev al v e si ns i de .The v al v e sbe t we e nt heat r i aandv e nt r i c l e sar ec al l e dAVv al ve s .Theval v e s be t we e nt hev e nt r i c l e sandt heo ut go i ngar t e r i e sar et hes e mi l unarv al v e s . No t i c eho wt he i rflapsf o l l o wt hedi r e c t i o no fbl o o dflo w. THEMAJORVEINS( FIGURE13. 3) Theve i nt hatr unsf r o mt hei nt e s t i net ot hel i v e ri st hehe pat i cpo r t al v e i n.I tc ar r i e smo l e c ul e so ff o o dt ot hel i v e r .Unf o r t unat e l y ,i ti so f t e n di ffic ul tt os e ei nf e t alpi gsbe c aus et hel at e xdo e sno tge ti nj e c t e di nt oi tand make same s so ft heo t he rv e i nss ur r o undi ngt hel i ve r .Thebl o o do ft hel i ve r dr ai nsi nt ot hehe pat i cve i ns ,whi c har eal s odi ffic ul tt os e e .Thehe pat i cve i ns j o i nwi t ht hepo s t e r i o rv e nac a vawhi c hc ar r i e sbl o o df r o mt hepo s t e r i o rpar t o ft hebo dyandflo wsi nt ot hehe ar t .I naf e t us ,t hi sar e ao ft hec i r c ul at o r y s ys t e mi sc o mpl i c at e dbyt hee nt r yo fav e r ymaj o rv e i nt hr o ug ht heumbi l i c al c o r d,t heumbi l i c alve i n.Theumbi l i c alve i nc ar r i e snut r i e nt sando xy ge n f r o mt hepl ac e nt ao ft hemo t he r .I tbypas s e st hei mmat ur el i v e rvi at he duc t usve i no s usandj o i nsdi r e c t l ywi t ht hepo s t e r i o rv e nac av a.Al s odr ai ni ng i nt ot hepo s t e r i o rv e nac avat her e nalv e i nsf r o mt heki dne ys ,t hei l i acv e i ns f r o mt hehi ndl i mbs ,andas e r i e sofs mal l e rve i nsf r o me ac ho t he rpar to ft he l o we rbo dy .Oneo t he rv e i nt hatyo us ho ul dbeabl et os e eunde r ne at ht he vi s c e r ai st heaz y go sv e i n,whi c hdr ai nst her i bc age .Dr ai ni ngi nt ot he ant e r i o rv e nac avaar et hes ubc l avi anv e i nsf r o mt hef o r e l i mbsandt he e xt e r nalandi nt e r nalj ugul arv e i nsf r o mt hehe ad,aswe l lass o mes mal l e r v e i nsf r o mo t he rpar t so ft heuppe rbo dy . THEMAJORARTERIES( FIGURE13. 4) Whi l eyo uwe r es t udyi ngt hev e i ns ,y o uwi l lhaves e e nmanyr e d ar t e r i e sr unni ngi nt heo ppo s i t edi r e c t i o n,r o ughl yi npar al l e l .Theao r t ai sa hugear t e r yt hatar c heso v e rt hehe ar tanddo wnt hebac kwi t hal lo t he r ar t e r i e sar i s i ngf r o mi t .Thefir s tvi s i bl ear t e r yt obr anc ho ffo ft heao r t i c ar c hi st hebr ac hi o c e phal i car t e r y.Fr o mt hebr ac hi o c e phal i car t e r y ,ar i s e san ar t e r yt hati mme di at e l ybr anc he sagai nwi t he ac hbr anc hr unni ngant e r i o r l y t hr o ug ht hene c k.The s ear et hec o mmo nc ar o t i dar t e r i e s .Theo t he rbr anc h o ft hebr ac hi o c e phal i ci st her i ghts ubc l avi anar t e r y,whi c hpr o vi de sbl o o dt o t her i ghtf o r e l i mbandne c k.Thel e f ts ubc l avi anar t e r y,whi c hpr o vi de sbl o o d t ot hel e f tf o r e l i mbandne c k,i st hes e c o ndvi s i bl ear t e r yt obr anc ho ffo ft he

ao r t i car c h.Fi ndt he s ear t e r i e s ,andno t i c eho wt he yt he ms e l ve sbr anc h.By pe e ki ngbe hi ndt hevi s c e r a,y o uc ans e et hatt heao r t ac o nt i nue sdo wnt he bac kwi t hvar i o usbr anc he sar i s i ngl at e r al l y .I nt hel o we rbac k,t het wor e nal ar t e r i e sbr anc ho ffo net oe ac hki dne y .Ev e nt ual l y ,t hel e f tandr i ghti l i ac ar t e r i e sbr anc ho ffo net oe ac hhi ndl i mb.Fi nal l y ,t heao r t af o r ksi nt ol e f t andr i ghtumbi l i c alar t e r i e st hatgoo utt heumbi l i c alc o r dt ot hemo t he r ’ s pl ac e nt a.Fi ndt he s ear t e r i e s . 1.I nanadul t ,i st hebl o o di nt hepul mo nar yar t e r yr i c ho rpo o ri no xy ge n? Ho w abo uti naf e t us ? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

13. 3-Themaj o rve i ns .AVC=ant er i o rve nac ava PVC=po s t er i orv enac ava.Pul =pul monar yve i n. HP=He pat i cpo r t alve i n.H=he pat i cve i n.U=umbi l i c alve i n.

13. 4-Themaj o rar t e r i e s .A=ao r t a.Pul =pul monar yar t er y .AVC=ant er i orve nac ava PVC=po s t e r i orve nac ava.

2.Whe nyo uf e e ls o me o ne’ sne c kf o rapul s e( l i kei nt hemo vi e s ) ,whatbl o o d v e s s e lwo ul dy o ubet r yi ngt opr e s sagai ns t ?

____________________________________________________________ •Di agr am t hepas s ageo famo l e c ul eo fO2f r o m yo urmo ut ht oac e l li nyo ur t o e ,andt hepas s ageo famo l e c ul eo fCO2f r o m yo urt o et oy o urmo ut h.

Bl oodpress ur eandheartrat e1 I nt hi se xpe r i me nty o uwi l ll e ar nho wt ode c i phe rt hev ar i o ushe ar t s o undsandme as ur ebl o o dpr e s s ur e .Yo uwi l lr e l at et he s eo bs e r v at i o nsbac k t ot hephys i o l o gi c als t at eo fy o ur“ pat i e nt . ”Thi ss t udyr e qui r e sapar t ne rt o pr ac t i c eo n,al t ho ughwi t hpr o pe rt r ai ni ngy o uwi l lbeabl et oac c o mpl i s h t he s eme di c alpr o c e dur e so ny our s e l f ! HEARTSOUNDS He ar ts o undsi nf o r mt hedo c t o rabo utt hehe al t ho fy o urhe ar t .Us e y o urs t e t ho s c o pet ohe art he s edi s t i nc ts o undso ny o urpar t ne rbypl ac i ngt he i ns t r ume ntagai ns tt hec he s t .The s es o undsar epr o duc e dbyt hec o nt r ac t i o ns o ft hehe ar t . Ac t ual l y ,whatyo uar ehe ar i ngar et hev ar i o usc ar di acv al v e si n ac t i o n.Fo re xampl e ,t hefir s ts o und,c o mmo nl yr e f e r r e dt oast hel ub,i sa l o wpi t c he ds o undt hato c c ur swhe nt heAVval ve sc l o s eandt hes e mi l unar v al v e so pe nwhe nt hev e nt r i c l e sc o nt r ac t .Thes e c o nds o undt haty o uhe ar , t hedub,o c c ur swhe nt heat r i ac o nt r ac tf o r c i ngbl o o di nt ot heve nt r i c l e swhi c h c aus et hes e mi l unarv al ve st oc l o s eandt heAVv al v e st oo pe n.Oneo fe ac h s o undr e pr e s e nt sac o mpl e t ec y c l ebyt hehe ar t ,o ri no t he rwor ds ,ahe ar t be at .Co untt henumbe ro fc o mpl e t ebe at s( s e t so fs o unds )o ve rt hes pano f o nemi nut e .Yo uwi l lne e dawat c hwi t has e c o ndhand.I fy o u’ r el az y ,y o u c anc o untt henumbe ro fbe at si n15s e c o ndsandmul t i pl yt i me sf o ur .The r e s ul t i ngnumbe ri syo urhe ar tr a t e . Thehe ar tr at ev ar i e sf r o mi ndi vi dualt oi ndi vi dualde pe ndi ngo nage , s e x,he al t h,we i ght ,he i ghtandge ne t i c s .Ther at ei squi t efle xi bl eandwi l l v ar ydur i ngt heday .I ti nc r e as e sdur i ngt i meo fs t r e s s( e i t he re mo t i o nalo r phy s i c al ) ,andi tde c r e as e sdur i ngt i me so fr e s t . BLOOD PRESSURE Whe nt hev e nt r i c l e sc o nt r ac t ,bl o o di spumpe dunde rhi ghpr e s s ur e i nt ot hev ar i o usar t e r i e so ft hebo dy .Thi spumpi ngpr e s s ur ee x e r t sa t r e me ndo usf o r c eal o ngt hes t r o ngwal l so ft hear t e r i e s .Thef o r c eal l o wsf o ra f as tc i r c ul at i o nt o war dt hec api l l ar i es .Anyde vi at i o ni nt hepr e s s ur e( e i t he r t o ol o wo rt o ohi g h)ma yc r e at epr o bl e msi nt hes ys t e m.Thus ,i ti si mpo r t ant t obeabl et omo ni t o ry o urbl o o dpr e s s ur e ,e s pe c i al l ydur i ngt i me so fs t r e s s . Theno r malme t ho df o ras s e s s i ngbl o odpr e s s ur ei sbywa yofa s phygmo mano me t e r .Thede vi c eus e sani nflat abl ec uff,anai rpump,a pr e s s ur egaug eandar e l e as eval v et ome as ur ebl o o dpr e s s ur e .As t e t ho s c o pe i sal s ous e dt oampl i f yt hevar i o usar t e r i als o undsus e dt ode t e r mi net he pr e s s ur e .Fi r s t ,pl ac et hec uffar o undy o urpar t ne r ’ supperar mj us tabo ve t hee l bo w.I ts ho ul dfits nugl y ,butno tt o ot i ght .No w,l o c at ey o urpar t ne r ’ s br ac hi alar t e r y ,j us tabo vet hei ns i deoft hee l bo w.Pl ac ey o urs t e t ho s c o peo n 1Thi ss ec t i o nc ont r i but edbyDr .RandyCohen.

t o po ft hear t e r y .Us ey o urfinge r st oho l dt hes t e t ho s c o pei npl ac e .Dono t us eyo urt humbbe c aus ei thasal o udpul s e .Yo us ho ul dno the aranys o unds att hi st i me .No w,s que e z et her ubbe rbul bt oi nc r e as et hepr e s s ur ei nt he c uff.Thec uffs ho ul ds we l lupl i keabal l o o nandy o ur“ pat i e nt ”s ho ul dbe gi n f e e l i ngpr e s s ur ear o undt hear m.Wat c ht hepr e s s ur egauge .Thene e dl e s ho ul di nc r e as ewi t he ac hs que e z eo ft hebul b.I fi tdo e s n’ t ,makes ur et he pr e s s ur er e l e as ev al vei sc l o s e d.Whe nt hec uffpr e s s ur ege t sabo ve160mm Hg ,s t o ppumpi ng .Att hi spr e s s ur e,t hec uffhass t o ppe dt heflo wo fbl o o d f r o mt hebr ac hi alar t e r y .I nf ac t ,t hepr e s s ur ei ss ogr e at ,t hatt hec uff phy s i c al l yc o l l aps e st hear t e r y .No w,wi t hy o ure y e so nt hepr es s ur egauge , s l o wl yo pe nt her e l e as ev al ve .Ast heai ri sbe i ngr e l e as e d,t hene e dl ei nt he gauges ho ul dbe gi nt omo vebac kt o war dz e r o .Us et hes t e t ho s c o pet ol i s t e n f o ranyc hang e si ns o undal o ngt hebr ac hi alar t e r y .Whe nt hec uffpr e s s ur ei s ati t shi ghe s t ,t he r es ho ul dbenos o und.Ast hec uffpr e s s ur ede c r e as e s ,y o u wi l ls o o nhe aradi s t i nc tt hump.Obs e r v et hegaug ewhe nyo ufir s tde t e c tt he t humpi ngs o undwhi c hi sc aus e dbyt hei ni t i alflo wo fbl o o dt hr o ught he c o l l aps e dbr ac hi alar t e r y .Thi si st hes y s t o l i cbl o o dpr e s s ur e ,whi c hi st he pr e s s ur epr o duc e dbyve nt r i c l ec o nt r ac t i o n.Att hi sr e adi ng,c uffpr e s s ur ei s e qualt os y s t o l i cpr e s s ur e .Wi t he ac hhe ar t be at ,y o us ho ul dhe art hi ss o und. Co nt i nuet ol i s t e nasyo ur e l e as emo r ec uffpr e s s ur e .Thene e dl ewi l lc o nt i nue t odr o p.Wat c hf o rt hegaug el e v e lwhe nt het humpi ngs o undc annol o ng e rbe he ar d.Thi si sc o ns i de r e ddi as t o l i cbl o o dpr e s s ur e ,whi c hi same as ur eo f ar t e r i alpr e s s ur edur i ngr e l axat i o no ft hev e nt r i c l e s .Thet r adi t i o nalwayo f r e po r t i ngt he s enumbe r si ss ys t o l i c / di as t o l i c :120/ 80. Var i o usf ac t o r s i nflue nc eape r s o n’ ss y s t o l i cbl o o dpr e s s ur e :age ,we i ght ,s i z e ,he al t h,ge ne t i c s ande mo t i o nals t r e s s .Ag o o dr ul eo ft humbt oe s t i mat ewhatyo urbl o o d pr e s s ur es ho ul dbei s :100+y o urage=s y s t o l i cpr e s s ur e .Thi sr ul et e ndst o be c o meunt r us t wo r t hyatage spas t50y e ar s .Di as t o l i cpr e s s ur es ho ul dr ange be t we e n7080mm Hgr e gar dl e s so fage ,al t ho ughasy o uage ,i tt o owi l l gr adual l yi nc r e as e . EXPERIMENT:HR& BPUNDEREXERCISE Me as ur et hehe ar tr at eandbl o o dpr e s s ur eunde rt hef o l l o wi ng c o ndi t i o ns : He ar tRat e Si t t i ngwi t hf e e tup

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•Whi c hme as ur ec hange st hemo s twi t he xe r c i s e ?

•Af t e r5mi n,whi c hme as ur er e t ur nsmo s tne ar l yt oi t spr ee xe r c i s el e v e l ?

•Whyi st he r eadi ffe r e nc eamo ngt hebl o o dpr e s s ur e swhe ny o uwe r es i t t i ng v e r s uss t andi ng?Whatdo e st hatt e l ly o uabo utt hepumpi ngabi l i t yo ft he he ar t ?

Moret i ss uet ypes Co nne c t i vet i s s ue se nc ompas sawi de rdi ve r s i t yofc e l lt ype st hanany o ft heo t he rt hr e ec l as s e so ft i s s ue s .I ti sc o mpr i s e do fbl o o d,c ar t i l age ,bo ne , t het i s s uet hatho l dso urs ki no no urbo dy ,t e ndo nsandl i game nt s ,andf at t y t i s s ue.Co nne c t i vet i s s ue st ypi c al l yhaveagr e atde alo fe xt r ac e l l ul armat r i x aswe l last hec e l l st hatpr o duc eandmai nt ai nt hemat r i x. Co nne c t i vet i s s ue f unc t i o nst of e e d,s uppo r tandbi ndo t he rt i s s ue s .Co nne c t i v et i s s uemaybe l i qui d,j e l l y ,e l as t i c ,o rs o l i d.Ske t c hwhatyo us e ei nt hes pac epr o vi de d. HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR—The e xt r ac e l l ul arflui dt hats ur r o undst he c e l l si spl as ma.Themo s tf r e que ntc e l l s ar er e dbl o o dc e l l s .The s ec e l l shave he mo gl o bi n,t hemo l e c ul et hat...