Chapter 12 - Circulatory System PDF

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Chapter 12 - Circulatory System Friday, March 6, 2020

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11:02 AM

Function is transport ○ Transportation and distribution Arteries ○ Go from the heart to the body ○ Oxygen rich ○ 99% of time carrying 02 ○ 1% carrying CO2 Veins ○ From body to the heart Arterioles ○ Goes to the cells, tissues ○ Doesn’t exchange but this does: § Capillaries □ Called intrinsic ® Means belonging to the tissues ® Every portion of our bodies have capillaries □ Only way blood transported to system □ This is because of surface to volume ratio Aorta - artery - arterioles - capillaries Irrigation ○ Arteries will irrigate - bring towards tissue Veins will drain

Fluid aan nd BBl lood cce ells - Plasma - Serum - Platelets - Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leucocytes ( WBC) ○ Don’t need to know specifics of the WBC Artery vvs s VVe ein - Artery is thicker El i d ll

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Elastic and collagenous fibers § Stretch and bounces back § Elastic is key ○ Smooth muscles fiber § Involuntary § Something happening without the brain ○ Can handle high pressure Vein is thinner ○ No elasticity - can bust very easily ○ Low pressure - just made to be able to stretch to a certain degree Arteries and veins are never completely the same from one person to another ○

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The rate of evolution allows good tissue healing Capillaries are the only site of exchange - they also have no colour because they are oxygenated and deoxygenated

Portal Systems (remember these!!!) - Part of vein systems - Hepatic - from digestive tract to liver to heart - Renal - tail to kidneys to heart - Hypophyseal - hypothalamus to sinusoids to heart Development oof f tth he HHe eart - Circumvolution ○ Defines a complex twisting ( often in soft tissues ) - Compartmentation ○ Septum ○ Making compartments of the heart ○ NOT A FUSION OF TWO ARTERIES - Anastomosis ○ THIS IS A FUSION OF ARTERIES ○ Something intentional in some embryos the DNA makes 2 arteries come together - A basic item for a heart - a pulsating artery (without chambers) - The one artery then begins to develop muscles for pulsation - Then it contorts around

Evolution of divided heart - Shark ○ 1 chamber ○ Ventricle is there to push ○ Conus arteriosus § Has to be adapted to pressure of the pulsation § Important for pressured blood ○ Sinus venosus § Thin lining § Made to receive ○ Atrium - thick lining so limited swelling ○ Ventricle - thickest lining because of contractions ○ Blood shoots to gills from ventricle (oxygenation § From gills goes into capillaries into the body (realllllly important for tail) From the heart high pressure goes to capillaries ○ in gills to obtain O2 - but then low pressure after the gills to the body ○ Cold blooded animal - Agatha ○ The heart is twisted ○ Still one circulation - Lungfish ○ Septum and valve ○ You can mechanically divide the blood with the septum ○ Ventral heart ○ When you leave the heart for the gills it’s the afferent branchial arteries ○ From gills it goes to the efferent branchial arteries - Amphibians ○ Spiral valve separates intermediate hearts - Humans ○ 2 chambers separated by septum ○ Which chamber is bigger in the human heart? Systemic (Exam question) § Systemic goes to the body Post and precava drain into the right atrium ○ (CO2 blood) ○ Pulmonary artery brings it to the lungs

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Pulmonary artery brings it to the lungs Arteriole system - arch of aorta (O2 - high pressure) Brachiocephalic - arm, head Subclavian - for arm Carotid - for brain Right subclavian artery and carotid artery have brachiocephalic because it has more pressure § The left has less pressure so that is why it doesn’t have it Dorsal aorta heads to tail ( humans no have tail but you understand) § On the way it hits the □ Stomach (gastric) - coeliac □ Spleen (spleen) □ Liver □ Kidney - renal □ Iliac

Yes you do get respiration while underwater

Blood Circulation - Fish ○ 1 circulation ○ Not mixed - Amphibians ○ Mixed system - Amniotes ○ 2 chamber ○ Double circulation Visceral Arches porcupine - Embryonic - Circumvolution - Compartmentation - Anastomosis - Visceral arches 1-7 - recapitulation -

Branchial and visceral arches

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Figure 14.27 ○ Shows diff branching

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Shows diff branching Shows the arch of aorta Individual and specific variations At least know what you're looking at The common trunk is the brachiocephalic Feeds front end (head)

Veinous Patterns - Basic pattern - Shark ○ Has post cardinal so the blood comes from here - Urodele ○ Larval frog - tadpole - Anuran (frog) ○ In 2 weeks the system has changed - Post cava is the modern version of the cardinals Systemic Veins - Turtle - Crocodile - Lateral abdominal - Common cardinal - pre cava Veinous Systems - bird and rabbit - Iliac is important - Branching varies Heart Efferent Vessels - cat and human - Pre cava and post cava Lymphatic System - Carries lymph and not blood - If it carries RBC to connect network of immune system - Lymph ○ Veinous system ○ Nodes ○ Ducts ○ Cistern? E

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Frog has sacs instead of cistern? i

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Exam - 7 -

Question - # of gills? in lamprey 5-6 in shark WHAT ARE THE ARTERIES 4 in normal fish LEAVING THE GILLS ??? Efferent branchial arteries What artery goes to arm and the head at the same time? brachiocephalic...