Circulatory system PDF

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cardiac, circulatory system...

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Circulatory Depending on the function analysed, the circulatory system can be compared to the road and highway network or to the central heating system, and the heart can be compared to a suiling pump. Click to preview Blood vessels You already know  blood is liquid tissue;  the human blood system is a closed vascular system;  blood participates in the transport of nutrients and respiratory gases. You will learn  demonstrate a link between the structure of cardiovascular organs and their function;  discuss the structure and cycle of heart function;  compare the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries;  describe blood flow in the bloodstream large and small;  heart rate measurement and compare it with results for healthy people. 1. Heart building The circulatory system is a closed transport system that consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has the shape of a cone and the size of a clenched fist. It is located in the mediastinal, behind the sternum, and its tip is pointing slightly to the left. It is made of striated muscle tissue, which rhythmically shrinks, forces blood circulation in the vessels. In the heart, 4 cavities are distinguished: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left). Between the individual parts of the heart there are septals. The walls of the chambers compared to the walls of the atria are thicker – more heavily muscled. This is because the atria pump blood only into the ventricles, and ventricles into all arteries. The blood pressure pushed out by the ventricle must be so high that the blood reaches even the furthest from the heart of the located cells of the body. Veins that bring blood to the heart open into the atria, arteries that take blood out of the heart come out of the ventricles. Between the atria and the ventricles and at the exit of the vessels from the ventricles there are valves. They open only one way, so they force one-way blood flow and prevent it from reversing. Click to preview Slide 1 of 3

Source: Tomorrow Sp. z o.o., license: CC BY 3.0. Go to next slide To describe how the heart works, using the scheme, it is first necessary to determine which part is right and which part is left. To this end, we attach a card with a heartbuilding scheme to our torso as if we wanted to demonstrate a model of our own heart.

The parts of the heart diagram on our left side are the left atrium and the left ventricle, and those on the right are the right atrium and right ventricle. Command 1 The left ventricle of the heart has a larger wall thickness than the right ventricle. Explain why this difference is due. Good to know The heart of the seyache, a small rodent similar to a mouse, beats about 1000 times per minute, the heart of the rabbit performs about 200 beats per minute, and the elephant – 25. The sey wage lives on average half a year, hare 6 years, and elephant 60. Over the course of their lives, their hearts perform 5001,000 million beats. 2. Heart work If for a few minutes the blood does not reach an organ, then at this point there are irreversible changes and tissue death, so the heart beats continuously. The rhythm of the heart work consists of consecutive contractions of the organ. The doctor, by attaching a stethoscope to the chest, listens to whether they take place correctly. It draws attention m.in. to tones, which correspond approximately to the contractions of the heart cavities and their diastolic. First, the blood brought through the veins fills both atria. When the atria shrink, they push blood into the ventricles. Then the ventricle shrinks and they throw blood from the heart into the arteries. Then the heart has a short period of rest. When it is relaxed, the atria are filled with blood again. The heart shrinks about 6080 times per minute, pushing each time into the vessels about 80 cmUpper index 33 blood. The pressure flowing from the heart of the blood can be felt on the arteries as a heart rate (pulse) and measured with a pressure gauge. The apparatus indicates the systolic (120 mm Hg) and diastolic (80 mm Hg) pressure values. Pressure measurements are made at rest as it increases during exercise. The values of pressure parameters can vary depending on physical activity, emotional state, temperature, food intake. Click to preview Source: Commander, U.S. 7th Fleet (https://www.flickr.com), license: CC BY-SA 2.0. A shrinking heart does the job, so it needs a lot of energy. Therefore, it is provided with its own system of blood vessels called coronary blood vessels. They supply each cell of the heart muscle with substrates needed for cellular respiration. The work of the heart is not subject to our will. The heart has a natural pacemaker composed of specialized cells that have the ability to stimulate the heart muscle to work.

Heart from the outside, working. Inscription: right part of the heart / left part of the heart. Inscription: capillaries. Oxygen, carbon dioxide "entering" - gas exchange. Blood with carbon dioxide flows into the heart from the circumference of the body. Inscription: right vestibule/right chamber. Inscription: pulmonary artery. Oxygen enters the vessels, and carbon dioxide comes out - gas exchange. Blood with oxygen flows into the heart from the lungs. Inscription: left atrium/left ventricle. Inscription: aorta, valve (4 times). Inscription: spasm of the ventricles, then contraction of the atria. Observation 1 Auslination of the heart. What you'll need   

your person, Stethoscope watch with a timer.

Statement 1. Apply a stethoscope to the chest at heart level. Hold your breath for a moment. Listen to the rhythm of the heart. 2. Play the rhythm of your heart by tapping. Assign knocks and pauses to the heart phase. 3. Count how many beats your heart performs in a minute. Summary The frequency of heart m.in on age and health. Command 2 Explain why the doctor, when he listens to the heart, gives the command: "Do not breathe." Command 3 Analyze the data in the table. On the basis of them, formulaualize the application. Number of heartbeats per minute depending on age Age

Heartbeats per minute

Baby

140160

Number of heartbeats per minute depending on age Age

Heartbeats per minute

1 year

110130

5 years old

100110

8 years old

90100

Observation 2 Search for arteries and measure heart rate. What you'll need  

your person, watch with a timer.

Statement 1. Sit back. Look for the carotid artery on the left side of the trachea with the index and middle finger of the right hand. 2. Feel your heart rate under your fingers. Count the pulse within 30 seconds, the result multiplied by 2. 3. Search for your index finger and middle heart rate on the radial artery above the wrist on the thumb side. Measure your heart rate, express the result with the number of beats per minute. 4. Compare the two results. 5. Learn to search for heart rate on the radial artery in your colleagues. 6. Explain when you need this skill. Click to preview Note! When measuring the heart rate on the carotid artery, the pressure must be light; it is also forbidden to press both carotid arteries at the same time Summary Heart rate is the rhythm at which blood is thrown into the arteries through the left ventricle of the heart, so it corresponds to contractions of the left ventricle. Arteries are generally hidden between tissues that give them protection from injuries and oppression. 3. Building blood vessels

Blood is distributed throughout the body with 3 types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. Their walls are made of 3 layers of tissues. The outer one protects the vessels, and the middle, made up of smooth muscle tissue, narrows them or dilates them, that is, regulates blood flow. The inner layer, called endothelium, is thin and smooth, allowing blood to move freely. In the arteries, blood flows under high pressure, which is why the muscle layer and inner membrane are thick. Veins transport blood under low pressure. Their fibroid is thinner, and the inner membrane forms a valve. They prevent the blood from retreating and help to pump it against the force of gravity. Between the arteries and veins there are connections in the form of very thin capillaries forming dense networks. Their walls are made up of only one layer of cells: the single-layer flat epithelium. Such a structure allows gas exchange and penetration into and outside the cultures of various substances. Click to preview Source: Andrzej Bogusz, license: CC BY 3.0. Command 4 Blood vessels have a common construction plan. Explain how much for the smooth transport of blood is the fact that: 1. the inner membrane of the arteries and veins forms a single-layer flat epithelium; 2. Capillaries are made only of single-layer flat epithelium. 4. Blood circulation in the bloodstream Blood flows in a closed system of vessels, which consists of 2 bloodstreams – small and large. In the small or pulmonary bloodstream, blood containing a lot of carbon dioxide and a negligee amount of oxygen is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries. These arteries branch into finer arterioles until they eventually become very thin capillaries enveid by the alveoli. There is a gas exchange between the blood of the capillaries and the alveoli. Blood on the principle of diffusion captures carbon dioxide and takes oxygen. Oxygenated blood returns with venous capillaries, which gather into larger venous vessels. With pulmonary veins, blood carrying a lot of oxygen falls into the left atrium. During the contraction of the left atrium, blood flows into the left ventricle, where a large blood circulation begins. Then the left ventricle goes to the body's largest artery – the aorta. This branches into smaller arteries, which, approaching the cells of the body, form a capillary system. Through them, oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the vicinity of the cells, and the waste products received. In the cells there is a diffusion of respiratory gases, that is, internal gas exchange: oxygen wanders into the tissues, and carbon dioxide penetrates from the tissues into the capillaries. Deoxidized blood is collected into venous

capillaries, which combine into larger venous vessels. The main veins of the upper and lower body drain blood from carbon dioxide into the right atrium. Click to preview Source: Tomorrow Sp. z o.o., license: CC BY 3.0. Good to know The time of blood flow throughout the circulatory system depends on the size of the human body and on average is 2228 seconds. The system of blood vessels delivers blood to almost all elements of our body. Only some of its areas, e.g. the cornea of the eye, tooth enamel, the outer layers of the epidermis, are devoid of vessels. Command 5 Evaluate the correctness of the statement: All arteries in the human circulatory system are conducted by oxygenated blood. Summary       

The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels: veins, arteries, capillaries. The heart is a suiling pump that forces blood to flow through the vessels. The human heart is divided into 4 cavities: 2 atria and 2 ventricles. The valves present in the heart and veins force one-way blood flow. Arteries bring blood out of the heart, veins bring blood to the heart. Capillaries, braiding cells, provide nutrients and participate in gas exchange. Blood circulates in 2 bloodstreams – small and large.

Homework Command 6.1 Point to a blood vessel in which the blood contains a lot of oxygen and little nutrients. Command 6.2 Explain why there are no valves in the arteries. Glossary aorta the largest artery of the body; blood from the left ventricle of the heart, belongs to a large blood circulation diastolic pressure

blood pressure in the arteries during diastolic of the ventricles of the heart expressed in mm Hg systolic pressure blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart expressed in mm Hg Chamber one of the 4 heart jams with heavily muscled walls, the spasm of which pushes blood into the bloodstream – large (left ventricle) or small (right ventricle) deoxidized blood oxygen-rich blood, rich in carbon dioxide oxygenated blood oxygen-rich blood, rich in carbon dioxide large bloodstream otherwise the body bloodstream; a system of blood vessels beginning in the left ventricle, carrying blood through the arteries towards the organs of the body (other than the lungs), where internal gas exchange takes place; oxygen-deprived blood returns to the heart with veins to the right atrium small bloodstream otherwise, pulmonary bloodstream; a system of blood vessels beginning in the right ventricle, carrying blood through the arteries towards the lungs, where external gas exchange takes place; oxygenated blood returns to the heart with pulmonary veins to the left atrium capillaries the thinnenemest blood vessels entwining cells; provide nutrients, participate in gas exchange, receive metabolic products from cells Lobby one of the 4 heart cavities into which blood flows from the bloodstream of a large (right atrium) or small (left atrium) Heart

the main organ of the circulatory system built from muscle tissue of the transversely striated heart; acts as a suction pump and forces blood circulation in blood vessels Arteries blood vessels transporting blood from the heart (ventricles) towards the cells of the body Heart rate pulse; rhythmic stretching of arterial walls by blood pushed out during heart contraction and flowing waves under high pressure valve membranous fold occurring in the heart septal between the atria and ventricles and in the veins and lymphatic vessels; forces one-way blood flow in the heart and other vessels Vein blood vessels fitted with valves; transport blood from body cells to the heart (atria)...