Flashcards for HSCO 508 PDF

Preview

Summary

definitions for quiz...

Description

Why We Communicate 1) Physical Needs 2) Identity Needs 3) Social Needs 4) Practical Needs Physical Needs A need that helps enable us to survive. Identity Needs A need that helps define who we are. Social Needs A need that is the principal way relationships are created. Practical Needs A need that enables you to have a successful life Linear Model One-way, a sender "does" by encoding a message and delivering it to a passive receiver who decodes it. Transactional Model A dynamic process which tries to depict all the factors that affect human interaction. Building Blocks of Communication 1) People 2) Messages 3) Channel 4) Noise 5) Encodes 6) Decodes 7) Feedback 8) Contexts/Environments Sender (People) The originator of a thought/idea. Receiver (People) The person who interprets the message. Communicator (People) People who involve in the interaction process. Messages The content.

Channel The pathway/media thru which a message travels. Noise Any interference with our ability to send or receive messages. Encoding The communicator's ability to transform ideas or feelings into symbols and organize them into a message. Decoding The communicator's ability to interpret a message or give a message meaning. Feedback The information we received in exchange for messages we sent. Context/Environments The environmental, situational, or cultural settings in which communication takes place. Communication Principles Communication is... 1) Transactional 2) Intentional or Unintentional 3) Irreversible 4) Unrepeatable 5) Has Content Dimension and Relational Dimension Public What we allow others to know about ourselves. Private What we don't allow others to know about ourselves. Interpersonal Communication The process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages. Misconceptions of Communication 1) Not all communication seeks understanding. 2) More communication is not always better. 3) Communication will not solve all problems. 4) Effective communication is not a natural ability. Communication Competence The ability to achieve one's goals in a manner that is personally acceptable and, ideally, acceptable to others.

Competence is Situational Because competent behavior varies so much from one situation and person to another, it's a mistake to think that communication competence is a trait that a person either possess or lacks. Competence is Learned Communication competence is, to a great degree, a set of skills that anyone can learn. Characteristics of Competent Communication 1) A large repertoire of skills 2) Adaptability 3) Ability to Perform Skillfully 4) Involvement 5) Empathy/Perspective Taking 6) Cognitive Complexity 7) Self-Monitoring Self-Monitoring Describe the process of paying close attention to one's own behavior and using these observations to shape the way one behaves. Cognitive Complexity The ability to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue. Social Media The term that collectively describes all the channels that make remote-personal communication possible. Leanness Describes messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues. Richness To describe the abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message. Asynchronous Communication Occurs when there's a time gap between when a message is sent and when it's received. Synchronous Communication Is two-way and occurs in real time. Culture The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn. Co-Cultures To describe the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture.

Intercultural Communication The process that occurs when members of two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and nonverbal. High-Context Culture Relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony. Low-Context Culture Uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible. Individualistic Culture Members view their primary responsibility as helping themselves. Collectivistic Culture Feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group: one's extended family, community, or even the organization one word for. Power Distance To describe the degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power. Uncertainty Avoidance To reflect the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and how they try to avoid them. Achievement Culture Describes societies that place a high value on material success and a force on the task at hand. Nurturing Culture A descriptive term for cultures that regard the support of relationships as an especially important goal. Ethnicity Refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or some other unifying perspective. Race A category originally created to explain differences between people whose ancestors originated in different regions of the world. LGBTQ Stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. Age/Generation Age-related communication reflects culture as much as biology.

Socioeconomic Class Working class, middle class, and upper class. Verbal Communication Styles 1) Directness or indirectness 2) Elaborateness or succinctness 3) Formality or informality Intercultural Communication Competence 1) Motivation and attitude 2) Tolerance and ambiguity 3) Open-Mindedness 4) Knowledge and Skill 5) Patience and Perseverance Self-Concept The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. Self-Esteem The part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth. Material Self Consists of our body, clothing and other material possessions that we see as part of ourselves. Self-Awareness The ability to step outside of yourself, view yourself as an object, and reflecting on your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Social Self The recognition one earns from others which arises out of interaction with others. It is developed from how others see us. Social Comparison Theory We have the basic drive to compare ourselves to our peers by evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others. Reflected Appraisal A mirroring of the judgements of those around a person. Spiritual Self The action of psyche, the process of introspection, one's thinking. It made up all one's intellectual, moral, and religious aspirations. Characteristics of Self-Concept 1) The self-concept is subjective 2) A healthy self-concept is flexible

3) The self-concept resists change Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Occurs when a person's expectations of an event, and her or his subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true. Identity Management The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them. High Self-Monitoring They adjust their behaviors based on the feedback they get from others Low Self-Monitoring Tend to exhibit expressive controls congruent with what they believe. Face To describe this socially approved identity. Front Refers to the part of you "on stage." Back Refers to the part of you "behind the scene" not in the presence of the other person. Erving Goffman Came up with the term face and facework. Self-Disclosure Information about the self that is purposefully communicated to another person. Social Penetration Theory A linear relationship between self-disclosure and intimacy. Breadth The range of subjects being discussed. Depth The shift from relatively impersonal messages to more personal ones. Johari Window Model Developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. This is a frame that could be divided into information you know about yourself and things you don't know. It can also be split into things others know about you and things they don't know. Open Area Open information to everyone. (In the Johari Window Model)

Blind Area Information that you are unaware but that the other person knows. (In the Johari Window Model) Hidden Area Information that you know but aren't willing to reveal to others. (In the Johari Window Model) Unknown Area Unknown to both you and to others. (In the Johari Window Model) Benefits of Self-Disclosure 1) Catharsis 2) Self-Clarification 3) Self-Validation 4) Reciprocity 5) Impression Formation 6) Relationship Maintenance and Enhancement 7) Moral Obligation Risks of Self-Disclosure 1) Rejection 2) Negative Impression 3) Decrease in Relational Satisfaction 4) Loss of Influence 5) Loss of Control 6) Hurt the Other Person Guidelines of Self-Disclosure 1) Is the other person important you? 2) Is the risk of disclosing reasonable? 3) Is the self-disclosure appropriate? 4) Is the disclosure reciprocated? 5) Will the effect be constructive? Alternatives to Self-Disclosure Silence, Lying, Equivocation, and Hinting. Silence To keep your thoughts and feelings to yourself. Lie A deliberate attempt to hide or misrepresent the truth. Benevolent Lies A lie that is not being malicious ---- and perhaps that are even helpful to the person to whom they are told. Hints

Seeks to get the desired response from the other person which depends on the other person's ability to pick up the unexpressed message. Equivocation Statements that are not literally false but cleverly avoid an unpleasant truth. First-Order Realities Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation. Second-Order Realities Don't reside in objects or events but rather in our minds. Steps in the Perception Process 1) Selection 2) Organization 3) Punctuation 4) Negotiation Selection We "select" which data we will attend to. Organization We "organize" the information in our perceptual schema (mental framework). Punctuation Determination of courses and effects in a series of interactions. Negotiation Process by which communicators influence each other's perception through communication. Physiological Influences The senses, age, health and fatigue, biological cycles, hunger, and neurobehavioral challenges. Psychological Influences Mood and self-concept. Social Influences Sex and gender roles, occupation roles, and relational roles. Stereotyping Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system. Primacy Effect Our tendency to pay more attention to, and to better recall, things that happen first in a sequence. Halo Effect

Describes the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic. Horn Effect Occurs when a negative appraisal adversely influences the perceptions that follow. Confirmation Bias We tend to seek out and organize our impressions to support that opinion. Fundamental Attribution Error\ The tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions. Self-Serving Bias When we perform poorly, we usually blame external forces -- and we credit ourselves rather than the situation when we behave well. Perception Checking Provides a better way to review your assumptions and to share your interpretations. Empathy The ability to recreate another person's perspective, to experience the world from his or her point of view. Requirements for Empathy Open-mindedness, imagination, and commitment. Open-Mindedness To understand the other person's position even if we don't agree with. Imagination You are able to picture the other person's background and thoughts. Commitment A sincere desire to understand another person....