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Flashcards med svar på de forskellige begreber, brugt i biokemi...

Description

Term

Description

Fermentation

The conversion of rotting fruit or grain into alcohol and C

Enzyme

Protein or RNA biomolecules that function as reaction ca

Biomolecule

An organic compound essential to living organisms; maj

Macromolecule

An organic polymer such as protein, nucleic acid, or poly

Metabolic pathway

Sequences of biochemical reactions coordinated and co

Signal transduction

Mechanisms that facilitate communication between cells

Ecosystem

A geographic community where different organisms hav

Angstrom (Å)

A unit of length equal to 10-10 meter typically used to d

Amino acid

Nitrogen-containing molecules (substituted carboxylic a

Protein

A polymer of amino acids represented by an extended p

Polypeptide

A short linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bo

Nucleotide

An organic molecule consisting of a purine or pyrimidine

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A polymeric macromolecule consisting of nucleotides co

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleoside monoph

Simple sugar

A monomeric carbohydrate used in the cell for functions

Carbohydrate

An organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Fatty acid

An organic molecule consisting of a polar carboxyl grou

Amphipathic

Polar and nonpolar chemical properties contained within

Phospholipid

Lipids containing a simple organic molecule attached to

Triacylglycerol

A neutral (uncharged) lipid that contains three fatty acid

Polysaccharide

A linear or branched polymer (carbohydrate) of monosac

Phosphodiester bond

A chemical grouping resulting from two hydroxyl groups

Peptide bond

A covalent bond between the α amino group of on

Amylose

An α-1,4 linear form of starch. (p. 14)

Chitin

A linear polysaccharide consisting of N-acetylglucosami

Metabolite

Any of a group of small biomolecules that serve as react

Systems biology

The study of complex chemical reaction networks in cel

Metabolic flux

The rate at which reactants and products are interconve

Linear metabolic pathway

A metabolic pathway in which each reaction generates o

Forked pathway

A metabolic pathway that generates two products, each

C clic path a

A metabolic path a containing se eral metabolites tha

Term

Description

Bioenergetics

Energy conversion processes in biolog

Homeostasis

The use of energy to maintain a dynam

Equilibrium

The state of a system in which no net c

Solar energy

Energy produced through thermonucle

Photosynthetic autotroph

An organism that can use photosynthe

Aerobic respiration

A set of metabolic processes and react

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot convert solar

Photosynthesis

The use of solar energy to oxidize wate

Carbon fixation

The conversion of carbon dioxide into

Biosphere

All the living organisms on Earth, consi

Redox reaction

An oxidation - reduction reaction in wh

Photooxidation

Oxidation caused by light; used particu

Photophosphorylation

The conversion of ADP to ATP coupled

Oxidative phosphorylation

A metabolic pathway that oxidizes nutr

First law of thermodynamics

In any physical or chemical change, the

Second law of thermodynamics

In the absence of an energy input, all s

Entropy

A measure of the spreading of energy;

Enthalpy (H)

The heat content of a system. (p. 44)

Bomb calorimeter

A device in which a compound is comb

Exothermic

A reaction that releases heat and &Delt

Endothermic

A reaction that absorbs heat and &Delt

Calorie (cal)

A unit of energy; the amount of heat en

Joule (J)

The SI unit of energy; the amount of wo

Gibbs free energy (G)

A measure of the spontaneity of a reac

Exergonic

A chemical reaction that releases energ

Endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires energ

Standard free energy change (ΔG°) A reference point for comparing chemic Biochemical standard conditions

Reaction conditions of 1 atm pressure,

Equilibrium constant (Keq)

A measure of the directionality of a rea

Adenylate system

A group of several phosphoryl transfer

Term

Description

Polypeptide chain

An extended polypeptide with many amino

Oligopeptide

An amino acid polymer chain of less than 4

Residue

An amino acid within a polypeptide chain o

Subunit

A polypeptide chain that is part of a protein

Amino acid side chain

A functional group attached to an amino ac

α amino acid

A small molecule containing both a primary

Isoelectric point

The pH at which a given amino acid has no

Zwitterion

An electrically neutral but dipolar molecule

Stereoisomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of eac

RS system

A method of describing the absolute spatia

Aspartate

An amino acid that is often negatively charg

Glutamate

An amino acid that is often negatively charg

Lysine

An amino acid that is often positively charg

Arginine

An amino acid that is often positively charg

Histidine

An amino acid that can be positively charge

Serine

A hydrophilic amino acid that can form hyd

Threonine

A hydrophilic amino acid that can form hyd

Serine/threonine kinase

An enzyme that can phosphorylate serine o

Phosphatase

An enzyme that removes a phosphoryl grou

Glutamine

A hydrophilic amino acid that can both don

Asparagine

A hydrophilic amino acid that can both don

Cysteine

A hydrophilic amino acid that contains sulfu

Disulfide bond

Also called disulfide bridge. A covalent cros

Disulfide bridge

Also called disulfide bond. A covalent cross

Isoleucine

A hydrophobic amino acid, usually found in

Leucine

A hydrophobic amino acid, usually found in

Valine

A small hydrophobic amino acid. (p. 158)

Methionine

A hydrophobic amino acid containing an un

Glycine

The smallest and least chemically active am

Prion protein

A protein that can be misfolded and lead to

Prion hypothesis

The idea that normal prion protein can be c

Term

Description

Luciferase

An enzyme found in b

Luciferin

The oxidation of lucif

Cell extract

An isotonic suspensi

Sonication

A cell extract homog

French press

A mechanical device

Centrifugation

A process that separ

Specific activity

The total amount or a

Salting out

A protein separation

Dialysis

A diffusion-based pro

Column chromatography

A technique that sep

Void volume

The volume of a chro

Gel filtration chromatography

Also called size-exclu

Size-exclusion chromatography

Also called gel filtrati

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

A high-resolution ver

Ion-exchange chromatography

A protein purification

Elution buffer

In ion-exchange chro

Affinity chromatography

A column chromatog

Gel electrophoresis

A biochemical techni

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)

A gel electrophoresis

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

An amphipathic mole

SDS-PAGE

Polyacrylamide gel e

Native PAGE

An alternative to SDS

Isoelectric focusing

A type of polyacrylam

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE)

A protein separation

Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE)

An application of 2-D

Edman degradation

A protein sequencing

Trypsin

A protease that cleav

Chymotrypsin

A protease that cleav

Mass spectrometry

A method of measuri

Electrospray ionization

A method for prepari

Matri assisted laser desorption/ioni ation (MALDI)

A method for generat

Term

Description

Lock and key model

A model of enzym

Induced-fit model

A model of enzym

Bioavailability

The amount of a n

Catalytic efficiency

A quantitative me

Half-life (t1/2)

The time it takes

Transition state theory

The idea that the

Reaction coordinate diagram

A graph illustratin

Activation energy (ΔG‡)

The difference in

Cofactor

A small inorganic

Holoenzyme

The assembled a

Apoenzyme

An enzyme witho

Coenzyme

An organic enzym

Prosthetic group

A coenzyme that

NADP+/NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) A coenzyme that Thiamine pyrophosphate

A coenzyme deriv

Lipoamide

The oxidized form

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

A polymer of ethy

Transition state analog

Stable molecules

Metalloenzyme

An enzyme conta

NADP+/NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) A coenzyme that Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2)

A coenzyme that

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN/FMNH2)

A coenzyme that

Isomerization

A reaction that do

Condensation

A reaction that co

Hydrolysis

A reaction that cle

Dehydration

A reaction that cle

Endoprotease

An enzyme that c

S-adenosyl-l-methionine

A molecule that fu

5-methylcytosine

A methylated form

S

Term

Description

Metabolism

The collection of biochemical r

Glycolysis

The catabolic pathway of gluco

KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)

A set of databases that map th

Mass action ratio (Q)

The ratio of the concentration

Aldose

A monosaccharide that contain

Ketose

A monosaccharide that contain

Chiral center

The atom within a molecule tha

D isomer

A right-handed enantiomer. (p.

L isomer

A left-handed enantiomer. (p. 4

Epimers

One of a pair of monosacchari

Hemiacetal

A molecule formed by the reac

Hemiketal

A molecule formed by the reac

Anomeric carbon

The carbon molecule in a cycli

Anomer

One of two stereoisomers that

Pyranose

Member of the class of cyclic h

Furanose

A cyclic sugar formed from eith

Benedict's test

A method for detecting the pre

Reducing sugar

A carbohydrate that reduces a

Nonreducing sugar

A carbohydrate that is unable t

O-glycosidic bond

The covalent bond that links tw

Hexokinase

A key enzyme in glycolysis tha

Phosphofructokinase-1

A key enzyme in glycolysis tha

Pyruvate kinase

A key enzyme in glycolysis tha

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A mechanism for the productio

Rate limiting

An (essentially) irreversible reac

Pancreatic β cell

A cell in the pancreas responsi

Lactose intolerance

A condition caused by decreas

Fructose intolerance

A serious genetic malady caus

Galactosemia

A genetic defect that blocks th

Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency

A genetic disorder caused by d

Term

Description

Citrate cycle

Also called Krebs cycle or

Krebs cycle

Also called citrate cycle or

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Also called citrate cycle or

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A large multi-subunit enzy

Citrate synthase

The first enzyme in the citr

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Catalyzes the oxidative de

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A multi-subunit complex th

Oxidation reaction

The half of a redox reactio

Reduction reaction

The half of a redox reactio

Oxidant

The molecule in a redox re

Reductant

The molecule in a redox re

Conjugate redox pair

The oxidized and reduced

Oxidoreductase

An enzyme that catalyzes

Dehydrogenase

A type of oxidoreductase t

Biochemical standard reduction potential (E°′)

A measure of the tendency

Electrochemical cell

An apparatus used to mea

Nernst equation

An equation for calculating

Niacin

The water-soluble vitamin

Pellagra

A disease caused by a sev

Riboflavin

The water-soluble vitamin

Flavoprotein

An enzyme that requires th

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A metabolite that carries a

Pantothenic acid

The water-soluble vitamin

Thiamine

The water-soluble vitamin

Beriberi

A disease caused by thiam

β-lipoic acid (lipoamide)

A coenzyme carrier of acet

Fluorocitrate

A toxin that is formed from

Oxidative decarboxylation

A redox reaction that gene

Hydration

A chemical reaction in whi

Amphibolic pathway

A metabolic pathway that

Term,Description Chemiosmotic theory,"Peter Mitchell's theory that energy capture Chemiosmosis,"The generation of ATP as a result of the flow of p Electron transport system,"A series of proteins embedded in a me Proton circuit,"The cyclical movement of protons across a memb Cristae,"Folded areas of the mitochondrial inner membrane Mitochondrial matrix,"The aqueous interior of a mitochondrion ATP synthase complex,"The enzyme complex responsible for the Coenzyme Q (Q),"Also called ubiquinone. Mobile electron carrier Ubiquinone,"Also called coenzyme Q (Q). Mobile electron carrier Cytochrome c,"Mobile electron carrier protein that moves within Electrochemical gradient,"A concentration gradient of an ion (suc NADH - ubiquinone oxidoreductase,"Complex I in the electron tra Ubiquinone - cytochrome c oxidoreductase,"Complex III in the ele Cytochrome c oxidase,"Complex IV in the electron transport syste Iron - sulfur (Fe - S) centers,"Electron carrier prosthetic groups fo Proton - motive force,"The potential energy of the proton concent Oligomycin,"An antibiotic that blocks the synthesis of ATP by inhi Binding change mechanism,"A model of how the ATP synthase co ATP/ADP translocase,"An antiporter membrane transport protein Phosphate translocase,"A membrane transport protein that impo Malate - aspartate shuttle,"A mechanism used predominantly in l Glycerol - 3 - phosphate shuttle,"A mechanism used predominant 2,4 - dinitrophenol","A chemical that uncouples electron transpor UCP1 uncoupling protein,"Also called thermogenin. A component Thermogenin,"Also called UCP1 uncoupling protein. A componen

Term

Description

Photosynthetic electron transport system An electron transport system in which a light Calvin cycle

The metabolic pathway of carbon fixation in

Greenhouse effect

The process by which specific gases in Earth

Cyanobacteria

Oxygen-producing phototrophic bacteria tha

Thylakoid membrane

Highly organized membrane that forms stack

Thylakoid lumen

The aqueous space enclosed by the thylako

Stroma

The aqueous region within a chloroplast that

Granum pl. grana

A stack of thylakoids. (p. 585)

Lamella pl. lamellae

A region of thylakoid membrane that is not s

Photosystem II

A component of the photosynthetic electron

Cytochrome b6f

A protein complex that links photosystems I

Photosystem I

A component of the photosynthetic electron

Rubisco

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxy

Chromophore

A light-absorbing molecule found as part of

Chlorophyll

The primary chromophore in chloroplasts an

Resonance energy transfer

A mechanism in which an excited electron re

Reaction center

A specialized pair of chlorophyll molecules in

Light-harvesting complex (LHC)

A protein - chromophore complex that harve

Plastoquinone (PQ)

A pair of quinone-type electron carriers foun

Plastocyanin (PC)

The soluble electron carrier that transfers ele

Z scheme

The visually descriptive name for the photos

Pheophytin (Pheo)

The first molecule in the photosynthetic elec

PQ cycle

The translocation of reduced plastoquinol to

O2-evolving complex (OEC)

A region of photosystem II (PSII) that contain

Phylloquinone

An electron carrier in photosystem I; also ...